Sample on Audit Risk In Respect To The Company Of Mathra Tool

Question: Depict about the Assessment of Audit Risk in regard to the organization of Mathra Tool Inc.? Answer: Presentation Reviewing is the system of checking of the considerable number of records book and exchanges whether it is expressed in Financial Statement appropriately or not (Gramling, Rittenberg and Johnstone, 2010). It is the system of making a decision about budget reports appeared (Balance Sheet and Profit Loss Account) with all the records of record and budgetary exchange whether it is right or bogus. Examiner chance alludes to the hazard that is distinguished by an evaluator with respect to budget report. An off-base assessment with respect to the budget summary is communicated by the Auditor. Review chance comprises of three hazard, for example, Inherent hazard, control hazard and discovery chance (Cosserat and Rodda, 2009). Natural hazard emerges because of mistake contingent upon such factors regardless of from the wastefulness of controls. Innate hazard will more where the business includes judgment and estimation with high degree or includes complex exchange. Control chance emerges because of wastefulness in the operational exercises from the side of business element. Location hazard alludes to the hazard which is raised by the blunder or extortion in material misquote in regard to fiscal report (Leung, 2011). The fundamental estimation of control chance is the methodology of evaluating the value of an associations bookkeeping and in-house control framework by forestalling or distinguishing and improving the material misquotes (Moeller and Brink, 2009). Mathra Tools Incorporation is an apparatus instruments delivering organization. It is rumored organization in creating high caliber of machine parts and it has developed into a $10 million-a-year business. The proprietor of the MTI is George Mathra. Thomas Smith selected as reviewer in control in this organization has distinguished a few issues in regards to the activity of the business. This examining plan incorporates the appraisal of inside control chance and the judgment for discovery chance. It additionally contains the portrayal in regards to the considerable methods that could be led for the WIP stock. Appraisal of Internal Control Risk Fundamental appraisal of hazard gauges and forestalls the arrangement of bookkeeping and the inside controlling arrangement of an association with respect to material misquotes (Pickett, 2010). The hazard can't be moderated completely on the grounds that there are sure intrinsic constraint in the arrangement of bookkeeping and controlling. The appraisal of control hazard is required when the in-house control frameworks of the association are not valuable and the bookkeeping frameworks of the association are not proficient (Pickett and Pickett, 2011). There are a few methods which can be utilized to record the data with respect to the frameworks of bookkeeping and inside control (Hargie and Tourish, 2009). A specific strategy is chosen for the judgment by the reviewers. The strategies can be utilized by alone or together. The instances of procedures are story depiction, surveys, agenda and flowcharts (Reding, 2009). The layout and length of the documentation rely upon the size and unp redictability of the business and sort of applied framework in regard to bookkeeping and inner control (Pickett, 2011). Trial of control are executed to discover the review proof with respect to the value to assess whether the business planned the frameworks accurately to forestall material misquote and the viability of inward operational exercises over the period (Shim, 2011). There are a few things are remembered for trial of control. These are as per the following: 1. Trial of control includes checking of records related with exchange and different exercises to acquire the review proof that business has worked the inward control accurately or not (Louwers, 2011). For example, it is checked that whether exchange is approved or not.2. It includes enquiry and perceptions with respect to the inner controls which leave no review preliminary, for example, discovering who truly plays out the all capacities as opposed to who should perform.Lastly, it incorporates the re-execution of inward control, for example, compromise of bank proclamation to see whether it was really performed by the business effectively. Business should embrace compelling interior controls in the activity for forestalling and distinguishing the event of mistake and extortion (Beasley, 2009). The misrepresentation can be suspected under after circumstances: In the event that any paper is missing viewing budgetary exchange, for example, checks, vouchers, solicitations, etc.If auxiliary books doesn't coordinate with control account. On the off chance that there is enormous distinction in preliminary equalization and it is extremely hard to coordinate the parity. On the off chance that variety of Gross Profit Ratio and Net Profit Ratio are high.If there is confound between the parities as indicated by the organization and the check of the parity by the parties.If the stock as per the companys record isn't same with the stock genuinely tallied. In the event that the customer doesn't ready to give any good information.If the some bookkeeping figures have found overwriting There are a few stages through which blunders can be recognized. These are as follows:1. Checking the offset of opening with the end equalization of last year.2. Checking all the posting made in record accounts.3. Checking the all out parity of auxiliary books.4. Checking every single convey forward.5. Making affirm whether all record accounts are incorporated or not.6. Checking the complete rundown of indebted person and leasers coordinate with the record accounts or not.7. Looking at the changed things of preliminary offset with the things of past year.8. Checking any distinctions including round figures, for example, $10000 is composed as $1000.9. Checking any removal of summing figures, for example, 91 is composed as 19.10.Identifying any passage is leaved unposted from the genuine books. Obligations need to perform by reviewer are as follows:1. Examination all the whole movement of budgetary operation.2. Affirm all the receipts from the counterfoils or duplicates or money updates, deals report.Confirm the register of pay and wages.1. Check the methods utilized in stock valuation.2. Look at the all registers, notes and challans related with stock, inwards and outwards of products and conveyance, etc.3. Figure various proportions which are required to distinguish the fake exercises and errors.Examine the subtleties the things which are not used.Investigate the region where the issue is suspected.Perform the review procedure by applying sound ability and with care.Do shock visit in the association to look at the records activities.There is discovered a few issues and mistakes in-house control arrangement of MTI however the organization is utilizing modernize framework for the creation of hardware instruments. The gear and machine are worked through computer.The control dangers identifying with business activity of MTI are as follows:1. The organization has no authorized antivirus to secure the modernize framework and there is no framework expert.2. There is no appropriate upkeep of systems administration framework and it is kept up by just a proprietor of PC shop which situated a long way from the workplace. Along these lines, there is no such master to keep up the systems administration framework unsurpassed. Just Mr. Lee is answerable for looking after gear, updating programming and keeping up client security profiles on the network.The staffs of the association don't keep up the framework related with client secret key. Two staffs utilize basic secret key for making section information of bookkeeping transaction.1. The reinforcement is taken each finish of the in tape cartridge. There are seven tape cartridges for taking for taking full arrangement of reinforcements for seven days. However, the cartridges are not kept securely and systematicall y.2. There is no any assurance utilized between office framework and home arrangement of the senior staff. Home framework can be utilized like as office framework fully.3. There is just one bookkeeping staff that is answerable for all bookkeeping exercises. There is no other staff who can manage creditor liabilities and money distributions. Judgment for Detection hazard Location emerges due to applying of wrong methodology in examining by the reviewers to assess and discover the material misquotes in all exercises of money related viewpoint (Taylor and Osborne, 2013). The all out review chance is the blend of control hazard, natural hazard and recognition chance. In the wake of surveying of control hazard and inborn hazard, the location chance is appointed to comprehend and lessen the absolute review chance. It is never conceivable to take out the discovery hazard completely in light of the fact that it is hard to check every single money related exchange totally (Beasley, 2009). Be that as it may, the goal of review is to decrease the identification chance however much as could reasonably be expected. There are a few components of location hazard which are depicted underneath: Utilizing of wrong methodology in review The utilization of wrong methodology can build the discovery chance (Weirich, Churyk and Pearson, 2012). For example, certain proportions are utilized to break down the fiscal summary. Be that as it may, the choice of proportion is significant. In the event that the reviewer pick wrong proportion (has no connection with the target of review) in surveying the error in money related exercises, it can build the recognition chance. Wrong understanding of review results In the wake of reviewing with right strategy, if wrong translation is produced using the outcomes, it can build the review chance. For example, it might be deciphered that the records payable is demonstrated accurately however it is discovered a material error in genuine. Choosing of wrong testing strategy Identification hazard can be diminished by utilizing of explicit testing procedures for identifying the blunders in budgetary exchange (Millichamp and Taylor, 2012). For example, to affirm a specific deal happened, it isn't required to check the receipt whether is scientifically right. During the checking of records payable, it is seen that accounts payables are really paid or not by making test the solicitations. It might be the right review method for attesting the records payable

Public Relations and Social Media

Figure 1: BDI Logo An exposition on the Black Dog Institute’s utilization of web based life for advertising purposes. Significant Assessment: How is internet based life being utilized by not-revenue driven associations for PR purposes? Pick one not-revenue driven association working in Australia and examine †concerning advertising and new media hypothesis †how the association is utilizing internet based life to deal with their key partners and local gatherings on the web. The act of advertising has seen an adjustment as of late, and now incorporates numerous and changed devices; including new media.The term ‘new media’ envelops an assortment of non-conventional techniques including internet based life. This exposition examines the utilization of web based life in an advertising limit, to help with dealing with an organisation’s key partners and local gatherings on the web. The center association is the Black Dog Institute (BDI), a notfor-benefit a ssociation and a â€Å"educational, investigate, clinical and network arranged office offering pro ability in temperament disorders† (Black Dog Institute, 2012).When thinking about how as an association utilizes web-based social networking, it is essential to comprehend who the key partners are and furthermore what establishes online life apparatuses. A portion of the institute’s key partners (also called the particular objective crowd) incorporate wellbeing experts, benefactors/backers and government offices. All in all, with a portion of the key partners characterized, what at that point is internet based life? Web-based social networking, all in all, is online media with which you †the client can participate.Mayfield (2008) states that web based life of every single kind offer most (or the entirety) of the accompanying qualities †interest, receptiveness, discussion, network and connectedness. The Black Dog organization has utilized a few online life device s to get their message out to the more extensive network. The utilization of these new media instruments, explicitly internet based life devices, helps not-revenue driven associations, for example, The Black Dog Institute in dealing with their key partners and local gatherings on the web. Internet based life is quick turning into a successful instrument for advertising purposes and The Black Dog Institute has mplemented an assortment of devices, for example, wikis, long range informal communication, blogging, video, an intelligent site and applications reasonable for iPhone, iPad and iPod. Figure 2: Social Media The Black Dog Institute takes part in wikis, for example, The Mental Health Wiki. The Mental Health Wiki (2012) which professes to be â€Å"a collective, open stage for catching excellent data in the psychological well-being field† is available to anybody anyway the site just permits appropriately qualified individuals to contribute. So how does this wiki help The Bla ck Dog Institute deal with their key stakeholders?Through investment, the establishment can show their aptitude in the territory of psychological wellness along these lines upgrading their notoriety among other wellbeing associations. Wikis are a potential goal for online Page 2 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment research and in this way by adding to such, the association can constantly improve connections among themselves and their partners (clinical experts) As a central capacity of advertising is to construct commonly advantageous connections, the commitments provided by the organization on the Mental Health Wiki would be open by other human services professionals.This availability is a key in building such connections, and thus, the foundation approaches different organisation’s examine material. On the other side be that as it may, it is significant for the establishment to think about the lawful repercussions of adding to such a discussion. Flynn (2012) states that inte rnet based life substance can be summoned and used to help (or sink) an association in case of suit, consequently it is significant that the establishment holds fast to laws influencing PR, for example, copyright, protection and the Trade Practices Act.Facebook is a person to person communication website offering network, discussion and connectedness and is another to a great extent open online life device with which The Black Dog Institute has locked in. Their dynamic Facebook site permits local gatherings to communicate and stay associated with the foundation. The site offers news sources, occasions, recordings and the choice for similarly invested individuals to add to the site through ‘posts’ †conversations. Figure 3: BDI FaceBook Page According to Solis (2009) interpersonal interaction isn't just about mingling, it’s about utilizing the system to expand perceivability for ability, notoriety and activity.As you can see with the picture, the Black Dog Ins titute’s Facebook page incorporates an image of their office, yet is this the sort of perceivability we allude to in PR? To build their perceivability (or presentation) the organization uses interpersonal organization I. e. Facebook to advance forthcoming occasions, VIP affiliations, and other online existences, for example, sites/twitter and to give another road to get to their items available to be purchased. By utilizing person to person communication to expand their perceivability, the foundation builds up another road to expand gifts and genuinely necessary funds.Page 3 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment Blogging is another web-based social networking device that has been received by The Black Dog Institute, using Twitter †a miniaturized scale blogging webpage. Their Twitter web journals permit perusers to ‘pull’ data that is applicable to them and with the dynamic idea of blogging; the foundation increases a veritable knowledge into the assessments of their open. Regarding advertising, blogging helps the association to keep up a consistent and state-of-the-art association with its publics.The Black Dog Institute grasps that association and keeps on building a system (or network) of similarly invested individuals and stay associated with their crowds. With one of the most significant elements of advertising being to make understanding, blogging destinations, for example, Twitter permits The Black Dog Institute to make this comprehension. A few media instruments don't permit investment from an organisation’s open, anyway through blogging a two-way process is supported in this way making a shared understanding.It is essential to recognize that a discussion including two-way discussion can again put the association in a helpless position †both its’ lawfully and socially dependable position. Accordingly keeping up a moral way to deal with the blogging procedure, with a conscious game-plan, can assist with lessening this powerlessness. Figure 4: YouTube Videos are another online networking apparatus that an association can use to stay associated with their open. Locales like YouTube are getting progressively mainstream with people and associations alike.The Black Dog Institute has a YouTube channel, where supporters can transfer recordings and furthermore remark on recordings transferred by others. The organization joined the YouTube ‘phenomenon’ in September, 2011. At present there are just two recordings accessible on their own channel, anyway when you search the term ‘black hound institute’ a few others have been transferred (as demonstrated in the above picture). This shows an expanding attention to the organization through a frequently engaging and carefree discussion. Recordings offer the establishment the chance to introduce their association in a fair and exact way.Further improvement of their YouTube channel can be accomplished Page 4 of 7 PRN101 †Major A ssignment through remarking on other supporter transfers with respect to the foundation and its exercises from different clients. Different devices used by the organization, which are somewhat out of the extent of this paper, incorporate an iPod/iPad application †â€Å"The Black Dog Pedometer†. This instrument gives the institute’s partners/network access to a pedometer as well as a connect to become familiar with the establishment and furthermore a gift option.In terms of advertising, the pedometer application expands the associations picture as an expert regarding the matter of psychological well-being and disposition issue. The organization additionally has a site grown explicitly for adolescents †www. biteback. organization. au which all in all is definitely not an online networking device; anyway the blog segment of the webpage offers connection and support by endorsers. The Bite Back site permits the BDI advertising group to adopt a proactive strategy t o their subject of ability, offering a connecting with and intuitive discussion for their more youthful network groups.As you can see all through this exposition, web based life helps the Black Dog Institute in its’ advertising plans. Apparatuses recently laid out, for example, wikis, interpersonal interaction, blogging and recordings help the establishment in building and improving associations with their key partners and to expand mindfulness and perceivability of their association. As the energy of web based life proceeds, further open doors may create for the foundation. Trimester 1, 2012 Page 5 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment Reference List: Figures Figure 1: Black Dog Institute Logo †www. lackdoginstitute. organization. au (got to 30 April, 2012) Figure 2: Social Media †http://masoncadeagency. com/wpcontent/transfers/2011/07/SMO_Social_Media_Optimization. jpg (got to 3 May, 2012) Figure 3: Black Dog Institute Facebook page †http://www. facebook. com/bl ackdoginst (got to 5 May, 2012) Figure 4: YouTube screen capture †Available: http://www. youtube. com/results? search_query=black+dog+institute+&oq=black+dog +institute+&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube. 3†¦ 16614. 20473. 0. 21177. 22. 19. 1. 2. 2. 1. 30 3. 2779. 5j7j6j1. 19. 0†¦ 0. 0. (gotten to 6 May, 2012)Bibliography Texts: Ali, M 2006, Public Relations †Creating an IMAGE, Heinemann, Oxford, GB Chaffey, D and Smith, PR. 2010, eMarketing eXcellence †Planning and streamlining your computerized m

Orange Krush is back!

Orange Krush is back! On Friday night, myself, my sister and my friend Kirby went to the first basketball game included in our Orange Krush student passes. We were ecstatic as the Illini played Southern Universitys Jaguars and won 102-55. I dont think there is a better seat in State Farm Center than the ones located in the Orange Krush student section. With every shot made and rebound gained, our student section shows that our fan support runs deep. This is my third year of being a member of Orange Krush and it is more fun than it has ever been before. This year, my freshman sister is attending as well and found that she loves the Krush experience too. Every time we go to a game, we have a fantastic time because of the amazing support of our student section. Each of the students dancing, chanting, and singing during the Krush experience add to a great time. A sea of orange is sure to show up to each and every game and cheer on the Illini. Being a member of Orange Krush is an essential part of my experience at the University of Illinois. Whether its  a snoozy Sunday afternoon or a snowy Wednesday night, if there is a Illini home game, I will most likely be there. It is a great place to be if you want to get away from studying or homework in general. Plus, if you have friends in Orange Krush, it is a great place to meet up with them as well. My message to every future Illinois student is clear: join Orange Krush. You wont regret it. Myself (left), my sister Sarah (middle), my friend Kirby (right) Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Animal Testing Should Be Banned Essay - 1646 Words

Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments every year exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of countries collect and publish data concerning animal use for testing and research, so the exact number of animals used in experiments are unknown. (Author, Year). Whether we should or shouldn’t use animals in medical research has been a heated debate for countless generations. Many American’s value the achievements that animal experimentation has provided but new understandings about the nature of animals have caused people to reconsider the ethics of using animals for human gain (Driscoll and Finley para 1). D espite the numerous benefits of animal experimentation, there are many negative aspects. Animals should not be used in medical testing because they are abused, many drugs/antibiotics that are tested on animals and were deemed safe were not safe for humans and lastly, there are alternate ways that are more cheap and effective in testing the safety of products. Animal experimentation can sometimes be driven by curiosity, the belief that animals do not experience pain orShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. 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The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. 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Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

The American Dream Is Everyone s Dream - 1934 Words

â€Å"I think the American Dream is everybody’s dream.† When Ralph Lauren, the corporation, chose this quote from their respective patriarch as the basis for an advertisement in October 2017’s issue of Esquire Magazine, they were making a bold, blanket statement. They also made an assumption. While this advertisement uses many traditional American stereotypes, portraying a sense of optimism and nostalgia centered around civic nationalism, it makes a mistake in itsit’s overly broad appeals that render the ad ineffective; the American dream is not everyone’s dream, it’s not even every American’s dream. To make sense of this, one must define both â€Å"The American Dream† and â€Å"eEverybody† within the context of this statement. The American Dream may†¦show more content†¦The Jeep is known as the vehicle that won World War II. The family represents the idea that America is a place where one’s children ca n grow up to maximize their full potential. These items are all tied together by their identity within an American context. Of these classic American stereotypes, the cowboy hat atop Lauren’s head carries with it as much nostalgia as nearly any other possible non-government affiliated symbol (i.e. the American Flag). The cowboy hat represents American concepts such as the west, wide open spaces, and manifest destiny. A secondary interpretation, which actually makes more sense in the context of the ad, being that the form and shape of this hat renders itself much more commercial than functional, is that the hat references the â€Å"Golden-Age of Hollywood,† a time in 1950’s and 1960’s America when Western film was at its height and â€Å"every† young boy in America wanted to be John Wayne. On an even deeper analysis, one may notice that the pose of Lauren in this photograph bears a striking resemblance to a famous portrait of President Ronald Reagan in his cowboy hat and work shirt. 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Internship Experience Free Essays

Health Care Management Internship Experience Labovitz School of Business and Economics University of Minnesota Duluth Description of the Program The purpose of the internship program is to provide juniors and seniors with an opportunity to enhance and apply what they learn in their academic program while working in a health service organization. Students are pursuing a degree in business administration and are majoring in health care management. Those that enroll in the Labovitz School of Business and Economics (LSBE) Health Care Management Internship Program will need to accumulate a minimum of 200 hours of work experience over the course of an academic semester or during the summer. We will write a custom essay sample on Internship Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intent of the program is to provide relevant organizational experience to students who otherwise would not have the opportunity to work before completing a degree. Employers are encouraged to participate in the cooperative education internship program. The basic requirements include a clear agreement regarding program requirements, the type of experience being provided, and a line of communication between the student’s mentor/supervisor and the faculty advisor. Internship Objectives The Health Care Management Internship Program enables students to gain added knowledge and skills through structured work experience. Opportunities are available to the student through an internship that cannot be achieved in the classroom. The primary goal of this endeavor is student learning. The specific objectives are to enable students to learn more about health care management; inform the health care community of student abilities and career preparation; give students the opportunity to develop a sense of responsibility for their continued learning by working independently and collaboratively within the parameters of an internship experience; familiarize students with the experiences related to the process of seeking employment; and strengthen ties between LSBE and the health care community by seeking advice from health care leaders concerning curriculum planning, tudent recruitment, and graduate placement. The internship should be designed to provide the student a hands-on experience in a health service organization. It should provide a first hand look at day-to-day operations of a facility and provide the student an opportunity to observe and assist employees in various departments, if possible. It should provide the student an opportunity to observe and be actively involved in management activities using basic management skills of communication, problem solving, management of relationships, and analysis of information. Roles and Responsibilities of the Parties Employers of student interns are an integral part of the work experience program. It is important that employers understand that the internship is an educational program integrated with practical work experience. This requires the employer to give careful thought to the utilization of students who will be employed. During the internship the student is not a volunteer or an additional staff member but a trainee working to fulfill his/her learning needs in as active a manner as possible with the capability to make positive contributions to the achievement of organizational goals. The following items are basic responsibilities of the employer, mentor, faculty advisor, and student. Employer: 1. Interview students who apply for an internship with your organization to provide them with the added benefit of going through an interview and to help you decide which student best meets your employment needs. 2. Review and discuss student learning objectives during the interview or at the start of the internship, in order to identify means by which they will be accomplished during the employment period. 3. Plan work assignments progressively so that the student will advance from routine activities at the beginning of the internship to more job variety and complexity as needed knowledge and skills are gained. 4. Evaluate student work performance. As a role model and supervisor of students, employers are in a position to provide interns a thorough performance evaluation. The LSBE Internship Office will provide evaluation forms; or you may want to use your organization’s standard appraisal form to assess the intern’s performance and provide feedback. . Provide liability coverage for student intern. The University of Minnesota Duluth Worker’s Compensation and Liability coverage does not extend to student interns. Employers may be concerned about injuries to students on-the-job or problems that could arise due to student inexperience. We recommend that concerns of this nature be addressed to your legal counsel. Your existing worker’s compensation covers paid empl oyees and could possibly be extended to volunteers for a nominal fee if this work arrangement is established. 6. Abide by the University of Minnesota employment policies regarding the treatment of employees, including prevention of sexual harassment in the work place. Detailed descriptions of these policies can be found in the UMD Employer Handbook. 7. Contact Jennifer Schultz, Director of the Health Care Management Program, at 218-726-6695 should problems arise. Mentor/Supervisor: 1. Serve as a model, coach, mentor, and tutor to the student. 2. Assist the student in identification of learning outcomes and activities to achieve them. 3. Assign the student specific and significant duties and projects that contribute to the student’s education but are also beneficial to the operations of the organization. 4. Ensure that opportunity is provided to permit the student to achieve agreed upon learning outcomes within the allotted time. 5. Observe and/or obtain observations of the student’s interactions and work within the organization and provide feedback. 6. Share information and thought processes with the student to provide as much insight as possible into successful approaches to management responsibilities. 7. Provide the student orientation concerning policies, rules and regulations. 8. Provide a concluding evaluation of the student’s performance during the internship upon completion in a manner which will encourage the student to grow in his/her administrative skills. 9. Report misconduct on the part of the student immediately to the faculty advisor and work with the faculty advisor to determine appropriate action to rectify problems or conclude the internship experience at the organization. Faculty advisor: 1. Provide the student and mentor information concerning institutional policies governing internship experiences. . Provide the mentor with written guidelines concerning the content and conduct of the internship and such additional advice and consultation as may be necessary or requested to ensure a satisfactory learning experience for the student. 3. Provide instruction to the mentor concerning learning objectives for a successful internship and procedures to follow to struct ure and supervise a successful internship. 4. Take action to withdraw a student whose conduct violates organizational rules or who proves not to benefit from the learning experiences provided by the organization. 5. Maintain contact with the student and mentor during the internship to ensure that objectives are being met and that problems are dealt with in a timely manner. At least one on-site visit will be performed. 6. Ensure that all internships are initiated with a signed learning agreement approved by the student, mentor and faculty advisor. 7. Review student’s journal, final written report, and performance evaluations. Student: 1. Apply for academic credit through college registration and work with a faculty advisor for placement with a mentor. 2. Learn and abide by organizational standards as applied to personnel, e. . follow facility hours and dress code policies, etc. 3. Take as active a role as possible in the operations of the organization, performing actual duties within the department as permitted by staff to learn first-hand the activities and their contribution to the overall effectiveness of the organization. 4. Prepare a list of learning outcomes expected from the interns hip and obtain approval for it from the mentor and faculty advisor, then identify and pursue specific experiences which will achieve those outcomes, again in consultation with the faculty advisor and mentor. 5. Identify and agree with the mentor upon a special project to be completed to satisfy course requirements while providing a learning experience which assists in meeting the student’s learning outcomes. 6. Meet course requirements for completion of assignments including preparation of two reports and weekly journal entries. 7. Taking into consideration course requirements and the student’s personal work and volunteer experience, prepare a schedule of the amount of time to be spent at the organization, obtain approval of the proposed schedule from the mentor and faculty advisor and ensure that it is implemented. How to cite Internship Experience, Papers

The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Essay Example

The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction Paper In clinical prediction, psychologists use their clinical experience to formulate a prediction based on interview impressions, history ATA and test scores (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). The formula in the title refers to statistical or actuarial prediction. In actuarial prediction, clergies access a chart or table which gives the statistical frequencies of behaviors (Actuarial Prediction). Advocates of the clinical method say that clinical prediction Is dynamic, meaningful and sensitive but actuarial prediction Is mechanical, rigid and artificial (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). On the other hand, advocates of the actuarial method claim that actuarial method Is empirical, precise and objective but alnico prediction Is unscientific, vague and subjective (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 4). The controversy of clinical versus actuarial judgment is not limited to the field of psychology; it also affects education in terms of predicting school performance, criminal justice system in terms of parole board decisions and business in terms of personnel selection. Although this controversy can be traced back half a century ago, social scientists today are still asking: Which of the two methods works better? Can we view any prediction dichotomously as either clinical or actuarial? And, if actuarial predictions are more accurate, should we abandon clinical predictions all together? On one side of the controversy, some people feel that using mere numbers to determine whether students can enter graduate schools or whether prisoners should be released Is dehumidifying (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). We will write a custom essay sample on The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Controversy of Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In her book about social psychology, Thompson describes a young woman who complains that It Is horribly unfair that she has been rejected by the Psychology Department at university of California on the bases of mere numbers, without even n interview (88). When my psychology teacher surveyed our class on this issue, about 20 percent of students believe that it is unethical to make predictions based on mere numbers (Brenner). The crux of this ethical concern lies on the belief that each individual is so unique that rigid statistics or equations cannot make the correct prediction in every single case. Indeed, most psychologists agree that rigid statistics are not sensitive to special cases. Paul Mà ªlà ©es well-known broken-leg example Illustrates how the special powers of the clinician can predict behaviors ore accurately in some special cases: If a sociologist were predicting whether Professor X would go to the movies on a certain night, he might have an equation Involving age, academic specialty, and Introversion score. The equation might yield [a very high probability] that Professor X will go to the movie tonight. But if Professor X Ana Just Darken Nils leg Ana en Is In a nil cast Tanat wont NT In a denature seat, no sensible sociologist would stick with the equation. (Clinical versus Statistical 24-25) Essentially, it is very important for clinicians to detect the characteristics of each unique individual and make predictions accordingly because clinicians deal with individual cases; they make predictions for each unique individual, not for a group of people. Thus, it is the individual case that defines the clinician (Melee, Clinical versus Statistical 25). Because of the insensitivity of statistics to special cases and the importance of predicting individual cases, many psychologists argue that statistics simply cannot apply to individuals (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). They believe that clinicians can make predictions about individuals can transcend the predictions bout people in general (Melee, Causes and Effects 374). For example, Patriots emphasized in his research on personality inventory that: In [nonproductive] tests, the results of every individual examination can be interpreted only in terms of direct, descriptive, statistical data and, therefore, can never attain accuracy when applied to individuals. Statistics is a descriptive study of groups, not of individuals. (633) On the other side of controversy, advocates of the actuarial approach have questioned the logic behind the assumption that statistics do not apply to single individuals or events. Stanchion uses a very good analogy to illustrate the fallacy behind this assumption (179). He asks us whether we want our operation done by an experienced surgeon who has a low failure probability or an inexperienced surgeon who has a high failure probability (179). Of course, any rational man will choose the experienced surgeon. However, if we believe that probabilities do not apply to the single case, we should not mind to have our operation done by the inexperienced surgeon. This question brings us to think about the role of chance in making reductions. Stanchion noted: Reluctance to acknowledge the role of chance when trying to explain outcomes in the world can actually decrease our ability to predict real-world events Acknowledging that our predictions will be less than 100 percent accurate can actually help us to increase our overall predictive accuracy. (175) An experiment done by Fainting and Subsidiaries (58-63) demonstrates Stanchions last point that we must accept error in order to reduce error. In this experiment, the participant sits in front of a red light and a blue light and is asked to predict which eight will be flashed on each trial (60). The experimenter has programmed so that the red light will flash 70 percent of the time and the blue light 30 percent of the time (59). Participants quickly pick up the fact that the red light is flashing more, thus they predict the red light roughly 70 percent of the time and the blue light roughly 30 percent of the time (62). The problem is that they do not understand that if they give up on trying to predict correctly on every trial, they can actually be more accurate. We can demonstrate the logic of this situation through a calculation on 100 trials. In 70 of the 100 trials, the red light will come on and the participant will be correct on about 70 percent of those 70 trials. That means, in 49 of the 70 trials (70 times . 70), the participant will correctly predict that red light will flash. In the same way, we can calculation that approximately in 9 trials (30 times . 30), the participant will correctly predict that the blue light will flash. Therefore, the participant can only predict correctly 58 percent of the time (49 percent from the red light and 9 percent from the (B). However, IT ten participant simply gives up on getting every trial relent Ana just predicts the red light on every trial, he can predict correctly 70 percent of the time (because the red light will come on 70 percent of the time), which is 12 percent better than switching back and forth trying to get right on every trial. This is what Stanchion means by accepting error in order to reduce error. Research on this controversial issue has consistently indicated that actuarial prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction. In Paul Mà ªlà ©es classical book Clinical versus Statistical Prediction, he had reviewed 22 studies comparing clinical and actuarial prediction (83-126). Out of these 22 studies, twenty show that actuarial prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction. These twenty studies cover almost all the clinical prediction domain, including psychotherapy outcome, criminal recidivism, college graduation rates, parole behavior and length of psychiatric hospitalizing. A graduate student at JIBE had also done a study comparing clinical and actuarial prediction (Simmons 3). In this study, Simmons compared the predictions made by a regression equation and by two experienced counselors on the school performance of JIBE freshmen (Simmons 3). The results again indicate the actuarial prediction using the regression equation was more accurate (Simmons 64). In addition, a recent meta-analysis using 136 studies has also confirmed that actuarial prediction is better regardless of the Judgment task, type of Judges, or Judges amount of experience (Grove et al. 9). Researchers found that actuarial prediction substantially outperformed clinical prediction in 45 percent of the studies whereas clinical prediction was more accurate in only 10 percent of the studies (19). Regarding the research consistently showing that actuarial prediction is more accurate , Paul Melee said, There is no controversy in social science which shows such a large body of qualitatively diverse studies coming out so uniformly in the same direction as this one (373-374). Mà ªlà ©es actuarial stance is strongly challenged by Robert R. Holt, who is also a renowned clinical psychologist. Holt criticizes that the twenty studies Melee cited in his book only focus on the final step of the prediction-making process, which is making the prediction (339). Holt rejects the dichotomous classification of studies as clinical or statistical because in field settings, clinicians do not simply make a prediction by evaluating the given data (338). In field settings, before the clinician can make the prediction, he has to carefully identify the criterion he can predict and choose predictive variables he wants to use. (Holt 339-340). For example, if a counselor wants to predict the school performance of first year university dents, he first identifies the criterion he is able to predict; the criterion can be Gaps or average marks of the students, but it can also be the students lecture attendances. He also has to choose which predictive variables he should use; he may use the students entrance grades or their scores on an aptitude test or a combination of both. Then, finally, he can make the prediction using either an equation or his own Judgment. This example shows that even if the clinician uses actuarial approach in the final step of the prediction-making process, he still plays an important role in all the preceding steps. I agree with Holt that Melee has oversimplified the distinction between clinical and statistical prediction. I believe that we should view these two methods as falling on a continuum rather than make an all-or-none distinction. Some predictions that can be completely done on computers are more statistical toner protections, Tort wanly psychoanalysts need to collect Ana analyze data, are more clinical. I also agree with Holt that we should still value clinical judgment although it is not as accurate. Without clinical Judgment, scientists will to be able to form hypotheses and theories, and to analyze research results and data. Like Western and Weinberg said in their article reviewing this controversial issue, try as we might to eliminate subjectivity in science, we can never transcend the fact that the mind of scientists, clinicians or informants is the source of much of what we know (609). Nevertheless, when countless research findings point toward one direction, I think we should recognize that actuarial predictions are more accurate than clinical predictions (at least in the final step of the prediction-making recess). Some people think that using mere numbers to make predictions is dehumidifying. They feel that using an equation to forecast a persons action is treating the individual like a white rat or an inanimate object (Melee Causes and Effects 374). However, I argue that in certain cases, it is unethical to use clinical judgment when actuarial approach has shown to be accurate. For example, when a clinical psychologist makes a prediction about whether a student is going to commit suicide within a year, would it be more ethical to use the actuarial prediction that is here times more accurate than the clinical prediction (Brook et al. 03)? The answer to this question should be as obvious as the question about whether we want our operation done by an experienced or an inexperienced surgeon. By admitting that actuarial Judgment is more accurate, clinicians who engage in activities in the role of experts and imply that they have unique clinical knowledge of individual cases may lose prestige and income; however, the field of psychology, and society, will benefit if we underst and that accepting error is reducing error.