The Meaning of Death in “The Dead” by James Joyce

â€Å"The Dead† is a story written by James Joyce as a part of the collection that was later on entitled as Dubliners. It is the last story that he composed but certainly was one of the first stories on the â€Å"rivalry between the living and the dead. † It is considered to be one of the best written stories and account of Ireland in terms of the city’s geographical, historical, and political details. It is even said that most of the local references are â€Å"painstakingly exact† as that of the original scenarios in an everyday Dublin life (Joyce, 2008).While the title of the story suggests gloomy scenes such as a funeral or a wake ceremony, a first reading of the story would tell us that the story is all about an annual Christmas gathering where friends and old friends meet to catch up with everything that is happening in their lives. However, if we look at the story real deep, we will notice that the story really revolves into the characters of the cou ple Gabriel and Gretta Conroy. Like all the other couples in the said party, Gabriel and Gretta are an epitome of a happy couple.It can be said that the love of Gabriel to Gretta is so great that instead of traveling home from the party, they decided to stay in a hotel because he was afraid that she might be ill due to the weather. Gretta, on one hand, is giving back the love that she receives from Gabriel. This is evident in the couple’s treatment of each other in the Christmas gathering. However, there is something in the party that made Gretta feel strange. This is when she heard the song that reminds him of a boy she once fallen in love with. It was a young boy I used to know, she answered, named Michael Furey. He used to sing that song, The Lass of Aughrim. He was very delicate (Joyce, 2008). † Gretta confessed this while they were in the hotel room that they rented to stay for a night when Gabriel is anticipating a romantic night with his wife. At first he felt re ally jealous. Furthermore, he inquired into the very nature of their relationship. Gretta confessed everything that made Gabriel angry at one moment.He even suspected that the reason why Gretta would want to that one place is because she wanted to see her first love. However, as the narration progresses, which speaks of Michael Furey’s death by reason of Gretta herself, his anger ebbed to the point of it being replaced with an epiphany in relation to love, death, and the past. He then realized that lost loves are the most difficult thing to let go in ones lifetime (Joyce, 2008). So she had that romance in her life: a man had died for her sake.It hardly ained him now to think how poor a part he, her husband, had played in her life. He watched her while she slept, as though he and she had never lived together as man and wife. His curious eyes rested long upon her face and on her hair: and, as he thought of what she must have been then, in that time of her first girlish beauty, a strange, friendly pity for her entered his soul. He did not like to say even to himself that her face was no longer beautiful, but he knew that it was no longer the face for which Michael Furey had braved death (Joyce, 2008).This epiphany leads Gabriel to recall and reflect on the speech that he had delivered in the party: his idea that the past is dead and that it should be buries in oblivion because it will just bring memories that would either hurt them or impair their anticipation of the future. In the words of Gabriel, â€Å"There are always in gatherings such as this sadder thoughts that will recur to our minds: thoughts of the past, of youth, of changes, of absent faces that we miss here tonight. Therefore, I will not linger in the past. I will not let any gloomy moralising intrude upon us here tonight (Joyce, 2008).However, he also enunciated his admiration of the past especially of the old values of tradition and love in which he said that â€Å"a thought-tormented age: and sometimes I fear that this new generation, educated or hypereducated as it is, will lack those qualities of humanity, of hospitality, and kindly humour which belonged to the older day (Joyce, 2008). † Therefore, the idea of death that the story is trying to paint to us is the death of old traditions and values that are still living to those who have experienced such in the past like that of Gretta.The death in the story is the deterioration of values that the Irish are known for that Gabriel mentioned in his speech. However, this is an irony because while he talked about the old values that should be retained, he himself is not doing his part in this endeavor of preserving the old Irish values and tradition. As observed by Ms. Ivors, he has become a West Briton because he prefers to travel to places like France, and Germany instead of seeing the countryside of Ireland. He denounced his own place of birth in exchange for the West and rejected his own native language.The We st, even though, more industrialized than Dublin, is still a land of ghost and a land of unhappy things. The West is a place â€Å"where the ghost of the past have a terrible hold on the living, where tradition leads to bigoted religion and terrorism (Hodgart, 1978). The death can also be attributed to a death of the traditional love that everybody would want to have. In the story, while it is evident that Gabriel loves Gretta, his love for her is limited to that of the physical love. When they were in the hotel, all he can think of was a romantic night with her.Like distant music these words that he had written years before were borne towards him from the past. He longed to be alone with her. When the others had gone away, when he and she were in the room in the hotel, then they would be alone together (Joyce, 2008). † However, after Gretta had told him the story of Michael Furey, he felt very small and inadequate. This is for the reason that his love to Gretta is nothing co mpared to that of the love of Furey. After hearing the story, he was quick to realize that his love for her is limited and not the kind of love that she has expected of him.His love is so puny to the love that Michael Furey has given his wife. He cannot in any way give up his life just for his love for Gretta. This further suggests that love died along with the death of Furey and that the love that Gabriel offered to Gretta, cannot be considered love in her standards. The image of death in the story is not the same as what we normally perceive, a wake, a funeral, and grief. But the death is on how the glorious past is buried in everyone’s memory that will for a long time or for a lifetime haunt them.

To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw Sugar for Refining

To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw sugar for Refining ABSTRACT This study was particularly designed to evaluate the quality parameters of raw sugar which ultimately affect the filterability of raw sugar. It is a cane sugar which has been minimally processed and product of the first stage of cane sugar refining process which has some very distinctive characteristics. Filterability of raw sugars is one of the primary sugar quality parameters.To the refiner, the filterability of raw melt is important as it directly influences factory throughout. The physico-chemical characteristics of sugar including moisture, polarization, reducing sugar, ash contents, color constituents, microbial examination (Total colony count and yeast) and sensory evaluation such as appearance, odour and texture were determined. The results obtained from physico-chemical analysis showed that these parameters were affected significantly among the samples of raw sugars.The microbial analysis showed that t he total colony count and the yeast were also affected significantly among the samples while in sensory evaluation appearance was affected significantly whereas texture and odour were affected non-significantly among the samples of the raw sugars. It can be concluded from the results that sample four was observed to have a good quality while sample six had the opposite result to that of sample four and was considered to have a very low quality. Keywords: Raw Sugar Refinery, Operational Concept and Quality Perspectives Name: Zia-ud-Din Regd.No: 2006-ag-1861 National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE ChairmanDr. Ghulam Rasool MemberDr. M. Atif Randhawa MemberDr. Muhammad Sharif INTRODUCTION Raw sugar is an intermediate product of refining and affination process of sugar manufacturing that consists of pale yellow to brown sugar crystals covered with a film of syrup. This is infact, an intermediate stage in the production of sugar, having sucrose and water contents 95-97 and 0. 25-1. 1%, respectively. It is of yellowish brown colour due to the presence of molasses (3. %) and have burnt flavour with coarsely crystalline (Javaid et al. ,2011). The sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) is a commonly distributed plant and is one of the most significant source of sugar in Pakistan. Current reports have shed light into numerous biological properties of sugarcane and its resulting products. Fresh sugarcane juice is widespread in Pakistan as an inexpensive and sweet beverage. It is becoming a fashion juice and thirst satisfying drink served at roadside stalls, canteens and cafeterias throughout the country during the harvest season (Ali et al. 2001). The sugarcane is a thick, tall perennial grass that is grown in tropical or subtropical region. In the leaves sugar is synthesized that is either used as a energy source for growth of plant or is sent to the stalks for storage. In the stalks the sweet sap is th e source of sugar. The reed accumulates sugar to about 15 percent of its weight. About 2600000 tons of sugar per year is yielded by the sugar cane. Other sugar crops for sugar production involve sweet sorghum, honey, sugar maple and corn sugar (Dalziel et al. ,1999).Sugarcane is grown in Kharif season and is one of the main cash crops of Pakistan. It delivers raw material to sugar industries and sugar associated products. For the rural community of the country, it produces income and services. Vital items for industries like sugar, chipboard and paper, sugarcane helps in their value addition. Its share is 3. 6 percent in agriculture and 0. 8 percent in GDP. For the year 2009-10, an area of 943 thousand hectares is under sugarcane cultivation which is 8. 4 percent less as compared to the previous year (1029 thousand hectares).Production of the sugarcane for the year 2009-10 is assessed to be 49. 4 million tons, in contrast to 50 million tons previous year ultimately the production is reduced to 1. 3 percent. Key factors involved for low productions are canal water scarcity, electricity shortage, area under wheat crop during 2008-09 is maximum ultimately confining the sugarcane acreage, lower prices for the sugarcane crop in the previous year and higher inputs rates also restrict the farming community from growing sugarcane crop (GOP, 2009-2010).The keeping quality of sugar was studied keeping in the view the process of drying played a pivotal role. By keeping the sugar under humid conditions, microbial decomposition along with loss of sugar occurred rendering the quality of sugar impure. After the process of drying, the process of polarization becomes augmented and the notorious effects of microorganisms become less. If the sugar is wet when fed into the dryer, large amount of heat is required for the process of drying the sugar. Sample purity plays a vital role in determination of overall moisture contents of the sugar sample.If the size of the crystals of sug ar becomes enlarge, ultimately increasing the moisture percentage of the sugar sample (Javaid et al. , 2011). An experiment was conducted which showed the presence of iron particle and bagacillo causes the physical hazards and biological contamination in the finished products respectively. Following essential steps should be taken in order to keep the juice clear and free from the particles of bagacillo i. e. pre- juice heating (106 oC or above), required chemical dozing at clarifier, pass the clarified juice from 0. 25 mm rotary screen. They both are ISO (i. . International Standardization Organization) 22000:2005, Critical Control Points (CCP’s) of Food Safety Management System, covers HACCP (i. e. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) (Javaid et al. , 2011). The parameters were studied and an experiment was conducted in which pre-treatments of sugarcane bagasse for the production of fermentable sugar was carried out. They studied the effects of particle size, NaOH conce ntration, temperature and liquid to solid ratio (LSR) on the production of reducing sugars and sonication time on delignification using Placket-Burman design.They concluded that sugarcane bagasse that was pre-treated with ultra-sound assisted alkaline pre-treatments showed superior yield and production of reducing sugars as compared to the commercial pre-treatments. They also concluded that the most striking feature of the ultra-sound assisted alkaline pre-treatments was the improved efficacy during the pre-treatment time and temperature that were kept reduced during the process. They also found that the feasibility and instalment of this process on a larger scale need energy optimization and appropriate reactors design (Velmurugan and Muthukumar 2012).Sugar beet pulp was utilized as a support for immobilization of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L. ) cells to produce bioethanol. They found the method of immobilization of cells as simple, cheap and easy to carry out. They concluded that even without the supplementation of the nutrient, the production of bioethanol in an efficient manner from thick juice of sugar beet utilizing immobilized yeast cells on sugar beet pulp is possible in repeated batch mode. A maximum ethanol concentration of 52. 26 g/l, yield of 0. 446g/g was achieved in the thick juice substrate of seventh fermentation batch.However, the molasses was found to be less suitable medium for the production of the ethanol fermentation for more than three batches because of the accumulation of the coloured compounds that cause cell leakage from the support ultimately affected the metabolism of the immobilized yeast cells. They also determined that the dry sugar beet pulp plays a significant role during the support of immobilized yeast cell for the production of bioethanol and the dry sugar beet pulp can be used as a protein source in the animal feeds (Vucurovic and Razmovski 2012).MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of raw sugar were procured from sugarcane industry/local market. The research was conducted at the National Institute of Food Science and Technology in university of agriculture Faisalabad. Ash contents Total ash contents were determined by taking 5 gram sample in the china dish and placed on low flame while the mass is thoroughly charred, then the sample was heated in muffle furnace at 500+500C until white ash was obtained. This ash was cooled in the desiccator and weighed in percentage using the following formula: Total ash = Weight of ash ? 100 Weight of sample Colour Colour value was determined with colour meter ( Nauhaus color test- II, Neotec). It was first calibrated with the standards having lower and upper limits (51-70 respectively). Then the sample were filled in the Petri plate and the surface was made smooth by removing the sample material from the petri plate, to get the optimum reflection of light, emerged by the photo cells of the colour meter, reading was noted from the display. Sample readings were compare d with the standards. Grain size of crystalsAccording to SI specifications, crystals were graded into five sizes. In the grain size analysis, 100 g of sugar was taken on sieves, placed on a nest of sieves with a lid on the top of sieve and received at the bottom and was shaken for five minutes on a mechanical sieve shaker. The weight of each sample in gram was taken in the percentage of the sugar retained in the particular sieve. From the values, the accumulative percentage is calculated and compared. Filterability of the samples Filterability was determined by following the standard method enlisted in AOAC (2000). 5 g raw sugar sample was taken and dissolved in 50 ml water until the brix of the solution was 300. The time was noted during the filtration of each sample. Then the percent filterability was determined using the following formula: % Filterability = amount of the filtered solution ? 100 Total volume of solution Moisture Moisture was determined by taking 10 g of sample and drying it in a hot air oven at 100+50C for about 3 hours as recommended by ICUMSA. The loss in weight was the moisture contents calculated by using the following formula: moisture = loss of weight during drying ? 100 Weight of sample The data thus collected were subjected to statistical analysis using completely randomized design (CRD) and ANOVA techniques as described by Steel et al. , (1997) to check the effect of different parameters on the quality of raw sugar RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ash contents The results for statistical analysis regarding analysis of variance for the ash contents are presented in table 4. 3a. It is shown by the data that the values are affected highly significant for the ash contents in the samples of raw sugar.The mean values for the ash contents are shown in the table 4. 3b. It can be established from the data presented in the table 4. 3b that the highest value for the ash contents was found for sample six which was 0. 73 percent while the lowest value was recorded for the samples one, two and five. So the value for the ash contents were found to be decreasing for the samples in the order of T6>T1T2T5>T3T4. While it had been established by many sugar technologists that the contents of ash in the samples of sugar should not exceed 0. 5 percent.These results were reviewed by Chauhan et al. , (2011) and after doing further analysis he determined that the ash contents in some of the raw sugar is in high concentration because the raw sugar was affined for purification at different temperatures for the quality improvement. Colour Agudo et al. , (2002) determined that the crystals colour of the sugar is greatly affected by the colour and purity level of the pan feed liquor. Generally the process of crystallization removes 90-96 percent of colour. The feed liquor having low level of colour gave the sugar with better colour.The process of refining in the processing of sugar utilize the phosphatation, carbonation, bone char, affination (mechan ical separation of colour), granular carbon and ion exchange resin for the removal of colour before the process of sugar boiling (crystallization) for the production of sugar. According to ICUMSA (2007) standards, the maximum colour range of the raw sugar should be in the range of 400-600. The statistical analysis results regarding analysis of variance for colour contents in different samples of raw sugar is presented in the table 4. a. The results showed that the colour values were affected highly significant among the samples of raw sugar. The mean values for the colour contents in different raw sugar samples are shown in the table 4. 6b. The data showed that the maximum colour was observed for sample six and lowest was recorded for sample one. These results are in line with the above mentioned ICUMSA standards. Gyura et al. , (2007) proposed that some factors played an important role in the determination of colour and these factors affect the colour of the sugar.Some of these fac tors include sugar crystal size, colour types, ash constituents, boiling time, crystal distribution, polysaccharides and colour and purity of pan feed liquor. These factors determine the overall quality of sugar. So it was concluded that the increase value for the colour contents in the sample six was due to the occurrence of these impurities due to improper affination process or other refining process ultimately making it a low quality raw sugar. Size of crystals The results regarding analysis of variance for the size of crystals of different raw sugar samples have been shown in the table 4. a. The statistical analysis showed that the relationship between different raw sugar samples regarding the size of crystals were affected highly significant. The mean values for size of crystals among raw sugar samples had been presented in table 4. 5b. According to Jennings (1967), the size of crystals for the raw sugar should be between 0. 35-0. 60 mm. These research findings are in agreement with the research outcomes of the present study. The size of crystals for different raw sugar samples were in the range of 0. 39-0. 58 mm.The sample three and four had the maximum size of crystal of 0. 56 and 0. 58 mm respectively. While the minimum size of crystal was recorded for sample two which had a size of 0. 39 mm. As the standard size ranges from 0. 35-0. 60 mm, so all the samples fell in the range of standard values. It can be concluded from the review that during the sugar production optimal control is required for the growth of crystals in the crystallization stage is a vital factor for the production of sugar crystals that have the size according to specification. Argaw et al. (2006) stated that the process of growth and size of crystals can be observed by implementing varieties of different methods which involve visual inspections as well as indirect measurements. It was proposed by Beucher (1992) that the sieve method used for the assessment of the size of crystals of the raw sugar samples was well recognized for the quality determination on international scale. He stated that the sieve method is simple, easy to perform and a straight forward method which can be utilized in the production environment and this method require a modest technology.The demerits of this method that was established by the scientist were the large amount of samples and preparations required for the analysis and a more time consuming process making this a laborious method ultimately making this a difficult process to perform. It was also concluded that the size of crystals played a significant role in determining the quality of sugarcane and raw sugar produce. Filterability The results regarding the analysis of variance for the filterability of various raw sugar samples obtained from different sugar industries.The statistical analysis showed that the filterability was affected highly significant for different raw sugar samples. The mean values for the filterability of di fferent raw sugar samples are presented in table 4. 10b. Javaid et al. , (2011) stated that the impurity factor, starch and insoluble suspended matter in raw sugar have impact great influence on filtering quality of processed and unprocessed liquor. The starch has two main components i. e. traight chain amylase and branched chain amylopectin, the amylase: amylopectin ratio, the difference in charge characteristic with pH in solution, an important physico-chemical characteristic with reference to its role in filtration. High starch and low filterability process, therefore, have negative effects on clarification process that leads to the development of ash and colour in sugar. They also stated that the existence of starch in raw sugar influences and has effects on filtration, doubled the viscosity of low grade massecuite and impede the process of crystallization.The filterability of melted raw sugar has great effect on the refinery output however; when it does then it decrease the fil trate brix that leads to decrease the melting rate and viscosity as well. Consumption of excess steam in the evaporator or pan had an influence on the production during which the production suffered. Moisture The analysis for variance for the moisture contents of several raw sugar samples regarding the results have been presented in table 4. 1a. The statistical data narrated that the moisture contents of several raw sugar samples were affected highly significant.The values for the mean of the moisture contents for various raw sugar samples are shown in the table 4. 1b. It had been determined by Javaid et al. , (2011) that the moisture contents of the raw sugar were 40 percent during the examination. These findings of the research are parallel with the results of the present study. The moisture contents of the different raw sugar samples were in the range of 0. 20 to 0. 76 percent. The data also showed that the highest moisture contents were found in sample six followed by sample one while lowest values were recorded for sample four.Chen et al. , (1993) established that the moisture contents of the sugar is adaptable because of the non-reducing sugars during the process of manufacturing and also because of the contribution of the different types of agronomic factors such as storage, moisture, type of irrigation, soil conditions, season of harvesting and variety of cane crop. Such factors are involved during the analysis and study of present research. So the present difference can be attributed to these factors. Table 1: Mean values for Ash Contents, Colour, Size of Crystals, Filterability and Moisture Treatments |Ash Contents |Colour |Size of Crystals |Filterability |Moisture | |T1 |0. 5333ab |418. 33c |0. 4067c |58. 333b |0. 5333ab | |T2 |0. 3000ab |422. 33bc |0. 3933c |56. 133b |0. 4000bc | |T3 |0. 1667b |420. 00c |0. 600a |67. 000a |0. 2333c | |T4 |0. 1333b |447. 00abc |0. 5867a |70. 467a |0. 2000c | |T5 |0. 3000ab |490. 67ab |0. 4667b |38. 000c |0. 3000bc | |T6 |0. 7333a |503. 33a |0. 4733b |33. 000c |0. 7667a | CONCLUSIONThus it can be concluded from the present research that the sample four was the best regarding the sugar quality while sample from one to three were also of desire quality and quite near to the standards and were collected from the sugarcane industries. While sample six was collected from the cottage industry was proved to be of very poor quality. REFERENCES Agudo, J. A. G. , M. T. G. Cubero, G. G. Benito and M. P. Miranda. 2002. Removal of coloured compounds from sugar solution by adsorption on to anionic resins equilibrium and kinetic study. Sep. Purfi. Technol. , 29(3): 199-205.Ali. , F. G. , A. A. Chattha and M. A. Iqbal. 2001. Some fundamental causes of low sugar recovery and vital approach for its improvement. Pak Sugarcane J. 16(6):56-61. Argaw, G. A. , M. J. Alport and S. B. Malivga. 2006. Automatic measurement of crystal size distribution using image processing. Proc. South African Sug. Technol. Assoc. , 80: 399-411. Beucher, S. 1992. The watershed transformation applied to image segmentation. Scanning Microscopy Supplement, 6:229-314. Chauhan, M. K. , Varun, S. Chaudhary, S. Kumar and samar. 2011. Life cycle assessment of sugar industry review.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 15 (7): 3445-3453. Chen, J. C. P. , Chou and C. Chi. 1993. Cane sugar handbook a manual for cane sugar manufacturer and chemists. John willey and Sons, Inc. New york, Chichester, Brisbane, torantto, Singapore, 401-403. Dalziel, S. M. , Tan S. Y. , white E. T. and F. T. Broad. 1999. An image analysis system for sugar crystal sizing. Proc. Aust. Sug. Technol. , 21: 366-372. GOP. 2009-2010. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad. Gyura, J. , Z. Sere, G. Vatai and E.B. Molnar. 2007. Separation of non-sucrose compounds from the syrup of sugar beet processing by ultra and nano-filtration using polymer membranes. Desalination, 148(1-3): 49-56. ICUMSA m ethods (2007). International commission for uniform methods of sugar analysis. 234-241. Javaid, G. S. , M. B. Bhatti, K. Rashid and M. Khalid. 2011. To introduce the Raw Sugar Refinery, its operational concept and quality prespective in Pakistan. Life Sci. Int. J. , 5(1): 2053-2062. Jennings, R. P. 1967. Further improvements in Raw Sugar Quality. Proc. Qld Soc. Sug. Cane Technol. 1: 62-64. Steel, R. , J. Torrie and D. Dickey. 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. 3rd ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York, USA. Velmurugan, R. and K. Muthukumar. 2012. Ultrasonic assisted alakaline pretreatments of sugarcane bagasse for fermentable sugar production: optimization through response surface methodology. Bio-resource Technol. , 112(12): 293-299. Vucurovic, V. M. and R. N. Razmovski. 2012. Sugar beet pulp as a support for Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization in bioethanol production. Ind. Crops Prod. , 39(12): 128-134.

Anzaldua Feminist Theory Assignment Example

Anzaldua Feminist Theory The paper "Anzaldua Feminist Theory" is a wonderful example of an assignment on gender and sexuality studies. Gloria Anzaldua is known as a scholar the cultural theory of Chicana queer theory and the feminist theory. The poetry marked a very significant feminist intervention in the studies that bring some different perspectives and experiences and is usually considered as vital in the feminism development in the third world. In the year 2002 Anzaldua co-edited with another anthology which was known as the bridge called home. In the writings made by her, she makes a combination of the autobiography and all the historical narratives between all the available languages (Haraway, 2018). Therefore, due to this her whole writings is seen as an act of transformation and questioning the genre's categories. After that, she later moves into breaking down the main subject of duality since it is usually a start of so many struggles that could at the end bring a lot of hopes by ending all the rape cases. She also argues that the lands of boarders are usually not presented physically but has more cultures at the end of each. This is where a lot of people of different origins or races are occupying the same space or area. She also goes ahead and develops some concepts that help in transforming all the binary constructions such as those of planta, borderlands and new tribalism (Mulinari, 2018). The major aim of this is bridging the gap that divides the boarders line and also binary thinking. She also goes ahead and elaborates the approach by giving a statement that all the categories usually gives an attempt to imprison, contain and also limit from growth. Due to this, the categories will be disrupted and other new ones will be created. The new ones created will be for very few years. The conc epts created poses a lot of effort in the transition and they are usually not fixed. Anzaldua views the writing act as that of being transformative and liberal. This is mainly through writing and thinking in some ways that show that knowledge systems that can be transformed at the end. The perspective of women oppression according to Hill Collins Hill Collins of the year 1997 usually argues that due to the intersecting position of race, class, and gender the black women as a whole usually possess some very unique characteristics of the world vision. When compared with the everyday experiences of all the black women, it is usually marked by an understanding of the intersectional of the oppression and the struggle of legacy against women oppression (Hirschmann, 2018). In this particular article, the quantitative analysis of the data that is from the national survey of all the black women is compared. There are some questions raised whether the black women as a whole group moves towards the standpoint that is described by Hill Collins. To what extent the Anzalduas theory is important to the women portrayal in the mainstream media and the women oppression in the present world. The theories of Anzaldua is the mentality in the borderlands' and they are usually taken from the real theory and later put into the actual action. This usually serves as a mirror that portrays the hybridity depiction and gives more emphasis on the significant stories of the true culture journey as a process of woman-centred (Espn, 2018). The actual book that is mostly dealt with is the Texas book of the Mexican border. In fact, most of the stories are usually inspired by growing or simply childhood in America. This is due to the fact that more standards are on the Mexican than American. However, in the areas where there are a lot of inhabitants are of Mexican origin. She also becomes punished for the heritage by the minority numerical. Afterwards, she later remembers how they used to be punished for simply being Mexican. This is oppression and can lead to a lot of defects. The main use of a borderland which is physical is usually very helpful and acts as a symbol for the psychological, emotional and the political forum of Mestiza. In fact, in many cases, the borderlands are usually present physically where two or more cultures are seen to be at the edge of the other. Therefore, it is very important to always note that the first preface of the very first edition of the borderlands will give an explanation of how and where the different people of different races usually occupies the same area or territory. Where in the cases of the lower and upper classes there is space of the individuals that usually shrinks with intimacy. The borderlands which are seen physically characterize the whole ceremony at large. The different parts of the whole narrative are usually set in separate locations from the perspective of the theatre. The reader is instilled some sense by Silko of the various differences between the different backgrounds of individuals in a polarized existence. This is the existence that refers to the different physical places terms that come as a representation of some categories and also the ethnic groups (Espn, 2018). For instance, most of the comrades are usually subjected to whiteness during the period of war and this reinforced to make a reference to some places. In most cases, it was usually the laughing and drinking with the platoon with the women who were born in Cleveland. Silko also uses some various physical borderlands that usually make an illustration of the conflicting nature of the polarity. The separated people in this category usually do not live in the areas of isolation but in most cases are usually forced to make some interactions in one way or the other that portrays the surface differences. Similarly to Anzaldua, she also uses the borderlands which are physical in symbolizing the whole scenario. This is where Tayo lives in the environment in the southwestern that is the same as the one portrayed by Anzaldua. The main battle is not only between the Indians and the white man but in most cases, the groups usually face some division amongst themselves as is illustrated by Silko. Also, in other cases, Tayo assisted as he had promised. This is seen after finding some wires sagging and also some trucks along the fences. This was seen as women oppression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is clearly seen that the feminist US history has been evolving from a womanhood notion that is on the basis of the normative model of the middle-class people. Therefore, a lot of women usually experiences some kind of recognition that in most cases women are usually diverse and views themselves to be very different. It is also stated that the major problem of feminism is how the whole condition is usually confused to that one group condition of all women. When making some assumptions of the middle-class experiences all the white women were a representation of the lives of women and some false unity amongst the women presupposed. By taking into account the forms which are overlapping and multiple of the oppression of women especially on the basis of colour there must be a negotiation in the third world. This reveals the diversity and complexity of the lives of women. For instance, in the US, the women of colour usually pass through a lot of struggle on defining who t hey are to the white men. The same occurs in the third world women who in most cases find themselves fighting against the experiences omission and the assumptions of the first world. Away from the notion of women the feminist theory in the US usually engages differently by focusing on the specific positioning of women in relation to the other categories changing. By addressing the oppression of women complexity of the whole multitude most of the communities are usually on the basis of race, gender, and class. The links of the political nature chosen to make a mark between the whole scenario struggles. The political alliances are usually formed by the race or sex of a person. Although this is mainly on the context or basis of the usual struggles contexts against the structure exploitation. In the present world, the feminism mainstream is usually engaged by diversity recognition and the formation of the coalitions of the cross-cultural injustices.

How Religions Affect Countries Socially and Politically Essay

How Religions Affect Countries Socially and Politically - Essay Example it can very well be figured out that religion indeed has a far greater impact on the manner in which the country’s political and social environment takes shape. John J. Macionis defined religion as "A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred." Therefore, it is bound to have an impact on the manner in which the rulers of a country try to shape their political philosophy, because that what they consider to be good for their country and the people. If we take a look around, we can figure out a number of skirmishes taking place amongst groups, societies and countries. Religion seems to be one of the factors shaping the opinions and the behaviors of the people involved in the conflicts. It is a fact that no religion teaches hatred or intolerance towards other people in the society, but the manner in which the religious teachings are portrayed often impacts the social behavior. If we take a look at the Middle East conflict, we find a dee p divide amongst the followers of the two religions. The Middle East conflict between Israel and its neighbors, on the lines of religious beliefs, goes back to almost a century, but conflict has escalated more during the last over 60 years. The political spectrum in both the territories has been coming out with policies commensurate with their stated positions all this while. Despite efforts from different corners, the conflict is nowhere near to any solution even now. Now, terrorism, the dreaded word, also finds some of its threads attached to this conflict. But the net outcome of such conflict has not favored any particular country or territory. People from both the sides have suffered immensely and the developmental issues have been hit adversely but the irony is, even the newer generation on both the sides doesn't seem to have a say in resolving the conflict amicably. If we take a look at a country like Pakistan, we find that this Islamic nation has been in the news in recent days, for all the wrong reasons. The country has been under tremendous pressure from the Islamic clerics for quite some time now. Though the present regime came into power after a democratic process of elections during the recent past, but it also need to be remembered that Pakistan has had brushes with democracy in the past as well. In the past, there have a number of Military coups, taking over the reins of power in the country. Despite best efforts from some of the rulers of Pakistan, the religious bodies have always tried to dictate terms for framing policies, and it goes without saying that on many occasions such religious bodies have been able to have an upper hand. The recent incidents in Swat valley of Pakistan have raised many concerns about the future of democratic set up in the country. In order to restore peace in the region, the Pakistani government decided to ha nd over this valley, better known as 'Switzerland of Pakistan' to some of the religious heads on 15th of February2. From that day onward Islamic laws have come into force in the region, which implies many significant departures from the erstwhile democratic principles. It is quite apparent that the religion, being practiced by majority of the people in Pakistan had the upper hand in deciding about the future of the Swat valley. America is considered an icon of democracy all over the world. People from many faiths from around the world have made this country as their home. The policies and principles of the government provide full respect to all religions. But, if we are to point out the religion enjoying the best patronage, we'll come to the conclusion that it is indeed the Christianity. During the

International Marketing Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Marketing Report - Assignment Example The nation is considered to the pioneers in the modern civilisation with the capital city London being one of the largest and most important political hubs of the world. Type of Government: UK has a constitutional monarchical form of government and is part of the Commonwealth of Nations. The constitution of the nation is based on the traditions of the common law and is influenced by the early Roman and continental laws. Administrative Machinery: The administrative machinery of the nation is divided into the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The Queen holds the position of the head of the state and is closely assisted by the Prime minster. The prime Minister is also aided in the decision making process by his council of Ministers who manage specific portfolios are also elected democratically (CIA, â€Å"United Kingdom†). Education Policy: The government of United Kingdom includes education as one of its most primary areas of concern. This is important considering th e fact that approximately large percentage population of UK s in the age group of 18-22 years. In addition UK is also considered to be one of the most favoured destinations for foreign students especially from nations like China. This is important as they contribute a large amount towards the economy of the nation. The government of the nation realises that education would hold primary importance for the economic and social well being of the nation. The government has been known to pursue policies that seek to promote the spread of education among the masses. The government also provides large scale financial assistance to educational institutions for various degree and professional courses. Specifically the government is trying to encourage educational institutions to develop more flexible programs that are largely popular with the international students. The government also proposes to develop greater e-learning modules which are gaining large scale popularity among the students a cross the world. The administrative machinery of UK is divided into four zones. Out of these zones England has the highest number of educational institutions and higher universities followed by Scotland. Education in UK: Another interesting aspect in the educational sector in UK is that there is only one private University in the nation (University of Buckingham) rest other are directly or indirectly controlled by the government. The educational institutions are also divided into three layers based on the degree of prestige with regards to academics. These three layers are the raffles group comprising of the best universities and educational institutions followed by the red brick and the post 1992 universities. Funding for these state run universities are done and managed by the Federal council of the government which foots 39 percent of the total funding requirements of these universities. There is no provision for endowments are other special offers. The government also encourages corporate funding for the academic institutions through tie ups and donations by the private business organizations (Go, p.15). Figure 1: Educational Institutions in UK

Frida Film Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frida Film Report - Essay Example Kahlo is bedridden most of her time but manages to do many paintings in spite of the pain she suffers. Although she is bedridden, she does not let the physical injuries and pain weigh her down. Her pain is more when she gets married to Rivera, who gets involved with other women despite her plea to him to b faithful. The movie affected me in various ways as Kahlo faced many challenges in life including severe pain from the accident. One of the issues in the poem that relates to my case is physical pain. Kahlo was affected by polio and later involved in an accident leaving her in pain. In my case, the pain is due to injuries sustained during a cycling competition with my friends when we collided with another cyclist. Sometimes the pain is severe but I always ensure that it does not interfere with my work as I can do so many things. Another issue is the psychological pain that Kahlo endures after her marriage faces challenges. My psychological pain is not related to marital troubles but disagreement with my family members who want me to take the management of our family business. The issue that stresses me is because they keep on insisting that I must participate in its management yet I am interested utilization my talents and skills as an actor. Nobody understands my argument, and they all think that I lack commitment yet I know I have dreams to achieve in life. The situation is stressing and am struggling to find ways of solving it. Just as Kahlo suffered, psychological stress due to her troublesome marriage am suffering due to the family business.

Marketing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Across Cultures - Essay Example The company has grown to become a major player in the industry and has been recognized for the excellence in its overall products as well as service. Here this report aims at developing a plan for the company to introduce a new product into the well established markets of Canada. The report will provide a detailed marketing plan for the introduction of the new product into the markets. Before moving into the explanation, a brief overview of the marketing audits has been discussed. Marketing Audits: Before moving into the actual marketing plan, it is crucial to gain a clear idea on the main elements of the marketing plan. These are as explained below. Main Elements of Market Planning: Description of the Markets: A very important aspect of every market plan is the basics like the demographics of the target market. Every strong marketing plan requires having a set of descriptions like age, sex, profession, income level and so on (Rudelius, 2008). Competitors: Learning and understanding the competition of any business is a must to have a strong marketing plan. ... These help the company gain an upper hand in the markets and also help in improving the overall Marketing Budget: Budgeting is also an essential element of all marketing budgets as it allows a controlled spending on advertising, promotions, and all factors including the advertisements and promotions (Peter & Donnelly, 2002). Pricing Strategy: Another essential element of a marketing plan is the pricing strategy to be adopted by the company (Kotler & Keller, Marketing Management, 2008). It is important to include aspects like the price lining, material costs, overhead costs and so on to ensure correct pricing of the products or services. Marketing Plan: I. Statement of the Marketing Goal: The main of the marketing plan here is to introduce a new product into the already stable Canadian market. Here the aim is to introduce the Pizza McPuff. This is a new product and has not been introduced into the Canadian markets. The product is only available in India currently. In order to do so th e following marketing plan report has been devised. II. Marketing Objectives for the Project The marketing objective of the project is to develop brand awareness, and also to build the awareness of the new product being offered by the company. Here the main objective is to ensure that the target markets of the company are aware of the new product and are also aware of the new quality of the new product being offered. III. Initial Research: McDonalds needs to conduct a detailed analysis of the kind of market that the company is dealing with and needs to gain a clear idea of the market place as well as the needs of the customers. Secondly, it is best to draw up a strategy that is customer driven and which helps make the customers feel fully understood (Gronroos, 1994). The next

Business Planning Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Planning - Research Proposal Example The ability of a supplier to drive up prices would depend on the extent to which Morrisons can control this supplier. So far, Morrisons has been able to control a group of farmers producing carrots, onions, potatoes and mushrooms. This view is supported by information from the website that when in season Morrisons gets 100% of its carrots from British farmers, as well as 90% of other food items like onions, potatoes and mushrooms. Harnessing the supply of such food items from British farmers means the farmers have very few markets to for their products. This therefore creates a situation whereby Morrisons can easily determine the prices at which it buys these food items. Hence the suppliers' power to influence the prices is reduced. On the other hand, Morrisons supports and controls the entire market outlet of local and small suppliers. This power exerted by Morrisons can be seen in the information that Kelly's ice cream and Sharpes Eden Ale can only be found in our Morrisons Cornish stores. It therefore shows that these suppliers have limited power to drive up the prices of their products to Morrisons. Buyer power denotes the ability of Morrisons customers to drive down prices. So far, no documented evidence exists on how customers have influenced the pricing of products at Morrisons. Given that Morrisons operates along side other chains like ASDA, Sainsbury, LIDL, TESCO, Somerfield, Waitrose, the customers have variety and choices at their disposal, and can easily switch from one supermarket to the other. However, they can rarely drive down prices. So Morrisons can only have its prices determined if they were dealing with a few powerful buyers who would dictate the terms. Competitive Rivalry The competitive rivalry surrounding the Morrisons business environment is determined by the number and capability of its competitors. Some of these competitors include: Asda, Lidl, Tesco, Marks & Spencer, Netto, Somerfield, Waitrose, and others. If these competitors can offer equally attractive products and services as Morrisons, then Morrisons would most likely have little power in the market. These competitors are many and are likely to strive to provide quality products and services too, such that Morrisons hasn't the tremendous strength to control the market. Threat of Substitutes The ability of Morrison's customers to find substitute products and services from different supermarket chains would determine the level of rivalry between Morrisons and other competitors. As seen above, there are many supermarket chains trading in the same products and services as Morrisons, giving customers a host of choices at their disposal. Therefore substitution for Morrison's products is easy and viable, weakening its power to command the market. Threat of New Entrants Morrison's power in the supermarket business would be affected by the ability of other investors to enter the market. If it isn't so costly, in respect of time and money, to enter the supermarket then it is expected that more of similar businesses would be started and this would increase the strain on Morrisons to loose its leadership role in the market. Going by the number of supermarkets that have set u in the UK recently, including LIDL from Germany, one can tell that investing into the supermarket business is not so costly in terms of time or raising the venture capital. Hence Morrisons faces severe

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Now it is confirmed by scientific world that a phenomenon called â€Å"Global warming† is destroying earth slowly. Global warming is a process happened due to the manipulation of strong law of nature which had led to a huge problem which could be the destruction of life on earth sooner or later. (Thesis). Global warming is new to the population of 21st century .The environment may well be the gut issue that can unify a polarized nation in the 1970s. It may also divide people who are appalled by the mess from those who have adapted to it. Here we can see that, it is in the 21st century that people realized the great aftermath of environmental pollution. In 20th century, only intellectuals, scientist and anthropologist predicted environmental disaster as they have the mental potentiality to vision the future. But the men of this age did not experience any threat from nature due to the industrial revolution. Now â€Å"Global warming† is not an unfamiliar words to many but it can be briefly explained to get a better understanding of the process. The global warming is not an instant event but a reaction of nature to a century old industrialization and exploitation of nature. When the earth’s surface temperature rises due to the emission of green house gases the phenomenon is called global warming. Here, the main culprit is the carbon – dioxide emission.The use of fossil fuels, cattle breeding, industrial activities are the main activities which emits carbon – dioxide. This accompanied by pollution, deforestation and natural resource exploitation add to the negative effect. When one thinks of global warming the phrase which comes into mind is that â€Å"nature don’t take leaps†. It is a fact that â€Å"nature don’t take leaps† but act on a slow basis. Gradually, as people entered the 21st century, the global environmental threat like global warming and rising of sea level

Reading response of the reading Women and the Environment Essay

Reading response of the reading Women and the Environment - Essay Example The women bear the responsibility for all food-related work at home. The circumstance under which the food is prepared depends on each household’s purchasing power. The rich household often attaches quality and dietary value to whatever food that they buy. The case is different with the poor who most of the times, go for quantity at the expense of quality. As a Chinese, agriculture is one of our core economic sector. In china, we tend to embrace sustainable Agriculture that has enabled the country to be ranked at the top in terms of farm output, despite the fact that there are limited arable lands. Our generation has fully embraced agriculture; we majorly produce wheat, cotton and peanuts. China has the largest number of biodiversity compared to other countries. I have that close attachment to our biodiversity. I have realized that the future of our coming generation solely depends on the existence of this rich biodiversity for sustainable environment as well as food security. My request to our parent’s generation is to instill in us the importance of conserving the environment as well as help us understand that we have the onus responsibility to protect and conserve the environment. This is what older generation also owes us. Having witnessed the repercussions of environmental pollution as well as extinction of some biodiversity, I would like to leave an unpolluted environment to my children so that they can also enjoy the beauty of a serene

Hawthornes Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter Essay Example for Free

Hawthornes Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter Essay Hawthorne’s motives for writing The Scarlet Letter were to expose corruption in Puritan society, religion, and politics. Hawthorne demonstrates both corruption and hypocrisy in Puritan society as the townspeople and even the Governor wear her embroidery, yet banish her and ostracize her as an outcast and a sinner. The town buys her clothes for an unknown reason; most likely their own curiosity, its beauty, or they just felt sorry for her. This shows the societys inability to follow through with their own punishments. They are willing to ostracize her and banish her, but still buy her embroidery. However much they chose to wear her embroidery on most articles of clothing, they refused to wear her embroidery on wedding veils as they were created by her sinful hands, showing the â€Å"relentless vigor with which society frowned upon her sin† (Hawthorne 76). Religion played a major role in Hawthornes writing, even though he was not a member of any religious organization. The religion mentioned in The Scarlet Letter was Puritanism and in his writing he intended to expose the power the Puritans used to control the church and state. For example, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Roger Williams differed with the colonys leaders on the relationship between church and state. The authorizes in the Bay feared that the foul error emanating from him could spread and corrupt the entire colony. In October 1635, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony banished him (smithsonianmag.com). Due to the fact that Hawthorne was not a part of any organized religion he was able to criticize religions without the fear of repercussion. Hawthorne also wanted to expose the corruption in religion when he wrote The Scarlet Letter. In the Custom House he mentioned that he was a Democrat while the Whigs were in power. Hawthorne also said I had spent three yearsin an unnatural state, doing what was really of no advantage nor delight to any human being (Hawthorne 40). Here he is saying that because he was a Democrat in a Whig society he felt he couldnt speak up and that it was unnatural.

Framework Essay to Edward Said’s Essay Example for Free

Framework Essay to Edward Said’s Essay In any part in the world, there is no place to be but home. Home is a place where we feel safe and take refuge. But how we’ll feel if this is taken away from us? The essay by Edward Said, â€Å"States†, narrates the story of about his country, Palestine, and the struggle of his country men. He also shares the passion for his homeland which we can relate to. â€Å"States† exemplify the experiences and perceptions of how important a home is to a common Palestinian. Our country is a big part of our self. As we are born, we are destined to become a part of it. It became part of our identity. Things that we grew up with meant something to us. We usually treasure things that became part of our lives. Even unconsciously, we take hold of it. Home brings us memories, memories that we want to hold on up to our last breath. It plays a big role to our development, as a child and as a person fully. Home is part of ourselves which became a foundation of who we are today. To be away from home makes us feel empty or incomplete in a sense. This is experienced by people who are exiled from their own homeland. Exiles are treated as aliens and feel shame to one’s pride. Exile is a miserable thing. Nothing can be so embarrassing than to be taken away from home. It saddens a person to feel a stranger to his own country. One is not only deprived of the social rights but as well as the freedom. As described in the essay of Edward Said an exile is referred as â€Å"present absentees† where to their homeland, they are vanished and as for the host country they are viewed as aliens. However, having troubles cannot stop a person from his will. In spite of the intense conflict between the Palestine-Israel, one cannot take away the momentum of an important occasion like wedding. Circumstances like these were illustrated in the text. A person in the middle of crisis stays positive and hopeful. Palestinians, which travel from time to time for because of occupation and safety, became used to these. One’s true happiness is in the state of thinking. He can stay happy despite of his terrible condition. Said also shares his experiences from his youth and what he knew from his country. One sad part also is the stability of the land, suppression from your own land. One is deprived of being free on his own country. Children cannot play outside without parents worrying their safety. To a place where he grew up and know to be his home became an odd place. I believe that home is very important in any living thing. It doesn’t only provide us shelter but is also a part of our personal development. It helps us build our confidence through the feeling of security. A home is like a mother to us which provides us what we need to sustain living. Our nourishment as a child is fed by the things that happen around us. These things shape the character of a person. Home builds a person’s character. Home is the environment which we live in and has an impact on our lives. To take something away from us bring us the feeling of being incomplete. We are already attached to it. Without the home that we used to be, somehow we feel lost. One feels the sense of belongingness on it. A person learns from his surrounding. We must know how to appreciate what we have considering we live in a democratic and secured country. Home is a place that nourished us when we are young. And as we became old, there is nowhere else we would want to go but home.

The Skills Of Professional Networking

The Skills Of Professional Networking Professional Networking is a widely used skill that many people lack. There are four main steps that a person must focus on while trying to build an effective professional network. The first step in building an effective professional network is to contact businesses in the best possible way. Next, it is extremely important to build an individual relationship with each business. Giving an effective presentation is the third step. The last and ongoing step is to maintain the current relationship while expanding the network to new contacts. There are many benefits to professional networking. Having an outstanding professional network can lead to ultimate success. Better jobs and stronger support can come from this. There are many different ways that a person can build an effective profession network. This leads to the essential question. Essential Question How does a person build an effective professional network? Supporting Questions What is the best way to contact businesses? What is the best way to build an individual relationship with each business? What is the most effective way to give a presentation? What is the best way to maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts? What is the best way to contact businesses? It is impossible to build a relationship without first having contact with any businesses. Beverly Newton, Nebraska FBLA State Adviser, Career Field Specialist, Communication and Information Systems, claimed, The best way to contact a business is through a personal contact from someone you know who has recommended a specific name in the business to contact. It is also appropriate to write a letter to the name recommended to you and then indicate that you will follow-up the letter with a phone call (personal e-mail, December 20, 2010). In retrospect, the first and most important step for someone who wants to contact businesses is to work towards building connections through networking. However, if a person was not knowledgeable enough to start early, there is still hope for them. For someone who is just starting, they need to focus on friends and family. In making personal contacts, the person must start small with the businesses closest to him or her. This is extremely important because as Lao-tzu (2004) said, A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step (para. 1) Taking these small steps will lead to future success. Randall Hansen (2010) from Quintessential Careers states, There is probably not an easier way to expand your network than to simply ask your current friends, family, and associations for the contact information of others whom they think would be beneficial for you to know. The friend-of-a-friend connection is quite strong and usually very successful (para. 4). Once these smaller contacts have been established, it is time to use them to enlarge the network. Every business will be related to many other businesses in some way. Be sure to use these previous connections to expand and make new connections. Peoples previous contacts can be e xtremely important for future development. There are numerous ways to contact businesses. The most prolific way is to begin at an early age and build contacts throughout an entire lifetime. Since everyone knows someone else, the friend-of-a-friend connection is the best possible method to attain contacts. But, just because there are these contacts, does not necessarily mean that they will be willing to negotiate. It is extremely important to write a professional business letter to each business. This format consists of a heading, the date, the opening, the body, and then a conclusion. After the conclusion, a farewell and a signature with the name and title printed below should be included. In these letters, the writer needs to sound sincere and professional. The contactor should be sure to ask for support from the business, not a monetary donation. Following these steps will result in many business contacts. What is the best way to build an individual relationship with each business? Contacting is easy, but the truly skilled will develop a relationship with each business they contact. A contact is just establishing of communication with someone or receiving of a significant signal from a person or object (Guralnik, 1970, p. 306). However, a relationship is a significant connection or similarity between two or more things (Guralnik, 1970, p. 1198). Matthew Moran (2010) thinks, One of the most pressing challenges with networking effectively is that many professionals never take the time to go where such relationships can happen (para. 21). This is important because in order to make a sustainable professional network, there must be a relationship to keep the network alive. Newton stated, It is important for the business to understand what purpose you have for them. The business usually wants to do something other than donate money (personal e-mail, December 20, 2010). When attempting to build an individual relationship, it is essential to know the business purpose. A business representative will not be swayed to donate their support if the contactor does not even know how the business can be used. Having an organized and detailed plan is extremely important, as well as sounding professional, sincere, personable, and confident. Doing these things will create a strong one-on-one bond with each business. What is the most effective way to give a presentation? Once the door is opened with a relationship, it is time to slam the door shut and strike up a deal with a presentation. Giving an effective presentation can be extremely difficult. Darrell Zahorsky has eight secrets to a knockout business presentation. These eight steps are: dig deep, avoid info overload, practice delivery, forget comedy, pick powerful props, minimize you, speak the language, and use simple slides (Zahorsky, 2010). Mastering these secrets can be extremely difficult and may require practice. Great presenters give their presentations numerous times to a plethora of audiences for practice before they give their polished show. However, a good presentation in itself will not be effective without further details. The presenter needs to be dressed in proper attire to give a professional look. This consists of a business suit for both men and women. Presenters must be there early in order to ensure that their equipment is running properly and to introduce themselves to the companys business leaders. What is the best way to maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts? After closing the deal with an amazing presentation, be sure to keep the door locked by maintaining the relationship and open new doorways by expanding to new contacts. Follow-up with the business is important by connecting with the business at least twice during the year. (B. Newton, personal e-mail, December 20, 2010). After making a connection, establishing a relationship, and giving an effective presentation, it is extremely important to maintain each and every relationship. Jennifer Vo (2010) declared, Never burn a bridge because no matter how big the industry is, companies within an industry often keep in close contact with one another (para. 5). The next step is to expand the network to new contacts. This whole process acts as a cycle. Since a lot of work has already been done, it is advised to reuse the letters that were previously written. Sometimes things need to be tweaked a little bit for improvement. Be sure to update all of the documents so they are viable. The final step of maintaining the current relationships, while expanding the network to new contacts, is extremely important. Since relationships take so much time and effort, no relationship can afford to be lost. Also, expansion is a necessity. A network without growth is the same as a dying network. How does a person build an effective professional network? There are many steps that must occur in order to build a professional network. These steps play out as a never-ending cycle. The first step is to contact the businesses. The friend-of-a-friend connection is the best possible method to attain contacts. Next, build an individual relationship with each business. Remember to have a purpose for each business. Also, there needs to be extra steps taken to reach this higher level. Giving an effective presentation is the third step. Be confident, dress appropriately, and practice, practice, practice. Lastly, it is a necessity to maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts. Every network needs to continue to grow by attaining new contacts; previous relationships also need to be maintained. All-in-all, communication is essential. Each of the four steps heavily incorporates communication as the most important piece. This communication is done through many forms, including verbal, written, and nonverbal. The contactor must be polished in every area in order to ensure his or her success. It is imperative to proofread each letter, practice each presentation, and send a professional message through physical appearance. When building an effective professional network remember to follow these four main steps: contact the businesses, build an individual relationship, give an effective presentation, and maintain the current relationships while expanding the network to new contacts. Following these steps will create a strong professional network for the practicing individual. The network established will be a helpful tool that can be employed throughout an entire lifetime. A single individual can build an effective professional network by utilizing basic communication skills and establishing business relationships. Annotated Bibliography Hansen, R. S. Ph. D. (2010, November 4). How to build and expand your career network: 10 proven techniques. Retrieved from http://www.quintcareers.com/expanding_career_network.html. This source was useful because it stated that using friends, family, and associations create strong connections. It also introduced the friend-of-a-friend connection that I referred back to several times throughout my paper. This source was very reliable and was extremely helpful. Guralnik, D. B. (Ed.). (1970). Websters new world dictionary of the American language. (p. 306 1198, 2nd ed.). New York, NY: The World Publishing Company. I used this to state the definitions of contact and relationship. This was important to my paper because I use both of these words numerous times. There is also a need to clarify the difference between the two. Moran, M. (2006, July 21). Professional networking made easy: priming the pump. Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/printerfriendly.asp?p=486105. This source explains the importance of building a relationship to keep a professional network alive. Without the information provided by this source my statements would not have any support. Tzu, L. (2004, September 1). The quotations page: classic quotes. Retrieved from http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/24004.html. I used this quote to back up my statement about making personal contacts with people who are close to them. I also said how everyone has to start off small, so this quote works hand-in-hand with what I said. Vo, J. (2010, February 15). How to start networking: the best ways to expand a professional network. Retrieved from http://www.suite101.com/content/how-to-start-networking-a198785. I used this resource to back myself up when I was talking about the importance of maintaining each and every relationship. Zahorsky, D. (2010). 8 secrets to a knockout business presentation. Retrieved from http://sbinformation.about.com/od/sales/a/presentationtip.htm?p=1. This resource defined the eight steps of giving an effective business presentation. This was extremely important because one of my supporting questions was completely about how to give an effective business presentation.

Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation -- Essay Liberation Marcuse

Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation We know that the economic evolution of the contemporary world refutes a certain number of the postulates of Marx. If the revolution is to occur at the end of two parallel movements, the unlimited shrinking of capital and the unlimited expansion of the proletariat, it will not occur or ought not to have occurred. Capital and proletariat have both been equally unfaithful to Marx. - Albert Camus, 1953 The validity of Marxist political theory has been seriously challenged by the realities of European civilization, both during the inter-war years and especially after WWII. The threat has been two-fold; on the one hand, was the refusal of capitalism to fail, a failure that Marxists had been predicting as immanent ever since the mid-twentieth century; on the other, was the failure of the Soviet Union to build a successful or humane society. Marxists living in the West, beyond the reach of Soviet suppression, have attempted to develop a comprehensive theory more in tune with the complexities of contemporary society than Classical Marxism. Most prominent among these â€Å"Western Marxists† is a group known as the Frankfurt School. An eclectic group of bright intellectuals who fled Germany in the 1930s, they have sought to develop a â€Å"critical theory† that blends Freud and Weber (among others) with Marx. Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation is an example of how they have attempted to keep their social and revolutionary theories relevant and vital. It deals with an increasingly complex society in an increasingly sophisticated manner. This effort creates an interesting historical tension within Marcuse’s work because the complexity of his analysis makes it impossible to adhere t... ...an potential to achieve a balance between the spiritual (world of the mind) and the material (the objective world). Marcuse mentions Kant, but this section of his work borrows most heavily from Friedrich Schiller’s The Aesthetic Education of Man. Bibliography All quotations and references are from Herbert Marcuse, An Essay on Liberation. Boston: Beacon, 1969. Although no secondary works were used to prepare this paper, the following books provided the necessary background for my interpretation. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1961. Schiller, Friedrich. The Aesthetic Education of Man. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967. Tucker, Robert, ed. The Marx Engels Reader, 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1978. Weber, Max. Essays in Sociology, eds. Gerth and Mills. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946. Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation -- Essay Liberation Marcuse Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation We know that the economic evolution of the contemporary world refutes a certain number of the postulates of Marx. If the revolution is to occur at the end of two parallel movements, the unlimited shrinking of capital and the unlimited expansion of the proletariat, it will not occur or ought not to have occurred. Capital and proletariat have both been equally unfaithful to Marx. - Albert Camus, 1953 The validity of Marxist political theory has been seriously challenged by the realities of European civilization, both during the inter-war years and especially after WWII. The threat has been two-fold; on the one hand, was the refusal of capitalism to fail, a failure that Marxists had been predicting as immanent ever since the mid-twentieth century; on the other, was the failure of the Soviet Union to build a successful or humane society. Marxists living in the West, beyond the reach of Soviet suppression, have attempted to develop a comprehensive theory more in tune with the complexities of contemporary society than Classical Marxism. Most prominent among these â€Å"Western Marxists† is a group known as the Frankfurt School. An eclectic group of bright intellectuals who fled Germany in the 1930s, they have sought to develop a â€Å"critical theory† that blends Freud and Weber (among others) with Marx. Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation is an example of how they have attempted to keep their social and revolutionary theories relevant and vital. It deals with an increasingly complex society in an increasingly sophisticated manner. This effort creates an interesting historical tension within Marcuse’s work because the complexity of his analysis makes it impossible to adhere t... ...an potential to achieve a balance between the spiritual (world of the mind) and the material (the objective world). Marcuse mentions Kant, but this section of his work borrows most heavily from Friedrich Schiller’s The Aesthetic Education of Man. Bibliography All quotations and references are from Herbert Marcuse, An Essay on Liberation. Boston: Beacon, 1969. Although no secondary works were used to prepare this paper, the following books provided the necessary background for my interpretation. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1961. Schiller, Friedrich. The Aesthetic Education of Man. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967. Tucker, Robert, ed. The Marx Engels Reader, 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1978. Weber, Max. Essays in Sociology, eds. Gerth and Mills. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946.

The Loss of Paradise in Enid Dames Lilith :: Enid Dame Lilith Essays

The Loss of Paradise in Enid Dame's Lilith The poem Lilith, written by Enid Dame. It is a poem that gives the story of a woman's life. It discusses her life with a man and the reason that she left him. Although one has been informed that she had left him for legitimate reasons one does not really get insight into who this god is until someone does research as to who Lilith was. Lilith was a demoness/goddess that was created before Eve not from Adam's rib. It was believed that Eve was only created for the fact that Lilith was so rebellious and left Eden. In a way, Eve was somewhat of a "contingency plan." Lilith would not submit to Adam's authority and she was cast out of Eden. Knowing this allows one to have insight into this poem. The poet often writes poems about Lilth and is involved in the feminist movement. Lilith has become a spoke person for the feminist movement due to the fact that she was the first woman who did not submit to a man. This to some women also proves the fact that women are not supposed submit to men. The first women created did not so why should they? This poem is not only used to express a emotion about something but it is also used for a movement. This poem talks about more than just a woman's life, it uses metaphors and words with simple meanings to add up to something greater. One of the first words I felt this way about was the word hairy. The point I feel the poet was trying to get across was the character's masculinity. Real men are hairy; one knows what that first hair on a boy's chest means it means that they have finally reached manhood. Another thing that stands out is how she talks about safety is what all women want and what all men are suppose to provide. Their duty is to provide and take care of their wives. So it sounds to me that Adam was keeping up his end of the bargain, so what was the problem? It sounds to me that Lilith needed some adventure. Maybe she was tired of cooking and cleaning and being a good wife while Adam got to go out and work.

nixon Essay -- essays research papers

Richard Milhous Nixon, (1913-1994), nik's[sch ]n, 37th PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Nixon is remembered for his achievements in foreign policy and for the WATERGATE affair and related scandals, in which he became so involved that he was forced to resign his office. Nixon was a skilled negotiator with a broad understanding of world affairs. He and his adviser Henry Kissinger ended direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. They improved relations with China and the Soviet Union. They helped end a war between Israel and its Arab neighbors and worked toward a lasting peace in the Middle East. But the restrictive oil policies of Middle Eastern countries further weakened an American economy that slipped into a recession during Nixon's last year in office. The president's career was shattered when evidence established that he had joined members of his staff in trying to cover up the Watergate break-in. Nixon's decline and fall spanned two years as the truth slowly unfolded before an incredulous nation. Dozens of government officials, campaign aides, and financial contributors were implicated in the scandal. In his later years Nixon sought to rehabilitate his image, lecturing frequently, traveling abroad, advising presidents, and publishing several books on U.S. foreign policy. Before becoming president, Nixon served in the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate and as vice president. An articulate spokesman for the REPUBLICAN PARTY, he was named to the GOP national ticket a recor...

Bad Boys I Synopsis

Bad Boys which was directed by the Michael Bay, former video director, had the chance to be recognized as this action comedy film had been a big hit. Allotting a very big budget for this movie was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson. The main casts in this film are two Miami cops, Mike Lowrey in the portrayal of Will Smith (a bachelor) and Marcus Burnett in the person Martin Lawrence (a family man). Their team up gives the film best shots.Lowrey and Burnett takes a highly dangerous case since 100 million dollars of heroin had been stolen out of the basement of police headquarters, which had been the biggest drug bust of their careers. These two Miami policemen have only got 72 hours to reclaim the heroin before the Internal Affairs Division shuts them down. A French drug kingpin named Fouchet (Tcheky Karyo), puts them hot on the trail, since this drug lord leaves a trace of bodies in his wake.Giving color to the story is played by Julie Mott (Tea Leoni), who witnessed the m urder of her friend, Maxine Logan (a hooker). She decided to contact the police and is willing to talk only to Mike but he doesn’t know what he looks like. Since Mike is not there, Marcus, his partner needs to pretend as Mike, living a bachelor lifestyle. In Mike’s return, he should also impersonate Marcus as a married man. What makes it exciting is that it has been complicated on both parts but they have to do it in order for them to get the support of the sole witness.This movie is a great film specially their concept of the â€Å"buddy† formula. The scenes are realistic and high violence gave the movie a very attractive taste to the viewers. By the end of the movie, what we care about are the story, picture and main characters which give the movie a very fantastic film. Bad Boys. (1995). Synopsis for Bad Boys. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0112442/. MSN movies. (1995). Bad Boys: Synopsis. Retrieved April 23, 2009 from http://movi es. msn. com/movies/movie-synopsis/bad-boys. 1/

Learning Contracts Essay

Abstract Learning contracts are being used in post-secondary education. Adults approach learning as problem solving and in theory by implementing learning contracts, the student becomes more involved in their own learning process. This paper discusses the use of a learning contract, the advantages and disadvantages for using contracts and the general design of a learning contract. The use of learning contracts provides opportunity for the student to be more involved in their own learning and apply relevance to their own educational experience. Learning Contracts  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Contract learning is, in essence, an alternative way of structuring a learning experience: It replaces a content plan with a process plan. † Malcolm S. Knowles (1991, pg. 39). In the early 1970’s, the concept that adults learn differently than children was introduced by Malcolm Knowles. This theory of andragogy has inspired research and controversy. The complexity of adult learning and motivation provides opportunities to explore new methods of teaching. Implementing learning contracts is an alternative way to structure the learning experience. Definition. Learning contract by definition is an agreement between students and teachers that grant the student certain freedoms and choices about completing tasks yet requires the student to meet certain specifications (â€Å"Definition,† n. d. , p. 1). According to Knowles (1980), contract learning solves, or at least reduces, the problem of dealing with wide differences within any group of adult learners. Knowles (1986) defines a learning contract as containing specifically: 1. the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values to be acquired by the learner (learning objectives); 2.  how the objectives are to be accomplished; 3. the target date for their accomplishment; 4. what evidence will be presented to demonstrate that the objectives have been accomplished; and 5. how this evidence will be judged or validated. In academic settings the contract also specifies how much credit is to be awarded and what grade is to be given (p. 38). Understanding the purpose and advantages of learning contracts and being able to apply them in our future careers as adult instructors will help prepare us for the variety of learning styles our students will have. Purposes of Learning Contracts Learning contracts have multiple purposes. One purpose is that it can enrich and extend the curriculum. They can connect educational needs to individual needs. The responsibility of learning is shared by the student and the educator. Learning contracts can also challenge the abilities of highly able students and provide alternate options that can be altered specifically for the differences in abilities, learning styles and interests of individual students. The contract is a tool for structuring the learning process. Uses of Learning Contracts Findings from research about adult learning have shown that when adults go about learning something naturally, they are highly self-directed (Tough, 1971, 1979). Coincidentally, when adults learn on their own initiative, they have a deeper understanding and more permanent memory of when they learn by being taught. Core adult learning principles view the adult learner as the primary source of data for making sound decisions regarding the learning process (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 1998, p. 183). Contract learning is compatible with the notion that adult learners are self-directed learners. Online instruction is an example where contract learning can be highly effective. In an online environment, instructors are not physically meeting with the students to discuss learning goals, objectives and expectations. Learning contracts can help negotiate and define the learning goals and outcomes. Sample learning contracts can be placed on a web page and the student can determine which contract best suits their learning goals. Students can also engage in online discussions about the different options with their peers and gain a broader perspective through shared knowledge. Learning contracts can also be highly effective in the corporate world. Training employees is costly and can require large investments from organizations. Learning contracts allow the employee to take responsibility and increases motivation in the learning process when they are able to relate the training directly to their job responsibilities. Contracts can also clearly define the company’s expectations of the outcomes. When the expectations are defined, both instructor and trainee can track progress and stay focused on the company’s business goals and strategies. Learning contracts are useful in research. Research learning contracts provide form and structure to an unstructured environment such as the research laboratory, while ensuring maximal flexibility (â€Å"Contracts,† n. d. , para. 2). It allows the student to control their own learning. Contracts allow students to define learning objectives, activities, rate of progress and methods of assessment that will evaluate the student’s success or failure. Advantages and Disadvantages of Learning Contracts Advantages. There are many advantages for learning contracts in adult education. Learning contracts enhance the adult learner’s self-directed learning experience. They promote creative and critical thinking for the student and develop their time management, planning and decision making skills. They can target specific individuals and their specific learning activities. Each students experience can be unique to them and incorporate their own prior knowledge and experience. The contracts also allow students to work at their appropriate pace and can increase the student’s motivation which in return can increase their class participation. Contracts can help keep students on course if the contracts are specific and concrete. This can also help minimize miscommunication or misunderstanding of expectations and outcomes. The contract also provides a means for the learner to receive continuous feedback regarding progress toward accomplishing learning objectives. Disadvantages. There are disadvantages to using learning contracts. Contracts can be time consuming to develop. They typically are more detailed and require you to put in more work in the developing stage. Also, students can have confusion especially if their prior learning experience has only been the traditional method of instruction in a classroom. If students are only familiar with â€Å"instructor taught† learning and have not learned to be self-directed learners, the student could have difficulty adapting to this method. The learning contract method in pedagogic learning may require more instructor involvement verses student driven in andragogic learning. The attitude of the educator can have an influence on the learning contract as well. Some educators feel the learning contract gives the student too much control. Designing Learning Contracts There are many different ways to design a learning contract. Learning contracts can address the diverse learning needs of different students and may be designed to suit a variety of purposes. Despite the flexibility, there is a general format starting with identification of the content that will be learned. Specific methods and strategies that will be used to learn the content should be identified. Specifying resources to be used in order to learn the content and determining the type of evidence that will be used to demonstrate the learning should be identified. Last, the evidence that will be validated and by whom needs to be defined. Having clarity will lead to improved performance and allow for revision of learning objectives if needed throughout the learning experience (â€Å"Learning Contracts,† n. d. ). Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion. Malcolm Knowles’ introduction of andragogy has influenced adult education. A distinguishing characteristic of adult learning programs is the shared control of program planning and facilitation (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 1998, p. 133). Engaging adults as partners in their learning experience satisfies their â€Å"need to know† and appeals to their self-concept as independent learners. Learning contracts are a tool that encourages students to participate more actively in their own learning experience. It is an alternative method of structuring a learning experience unique to individuals. It enables educators to work with differences among a group of learners. Learning contracts, more so than any other type of instructional method, create the conditions for individualized instruction. The contract method will not be effective if the adult learner is passive in their own learning experience. Disadvantages include extensive planning and commitment as well as excessive focus on individual success (Duggan, n. d. ). In general, adult learners are going to be self-directed learners as opposed to child learners. Based on the five assumptions learned in WED 486 regarding adult learners: adults need to know why they need to know; adults need to learn experientially; adults approach learning as problem solving; adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value; and adults need to integrate new ideas with what they already know, learning contracts are an effective tool to enhance a self-directed experience. Recommendations. Additional research related to contract learning involves the fairness of learning contracts. In the traditional method of instructor taught learning, all students are given the same syllabus and information on what it takes to earn a particular grade. In the case of learning contracts, they are individualized to the learner. The contract may be specific as to how each learner will obtain earned grades but will the content be equal? Additional research is recommended to determine if contracts are efficient if not all students are covering the same material. References Duggan, T. (n. d. ). The disadvantages of training agreements. Retrieved from http://www.ehow. com/list_6075915_disadvantages-training-agreements. html Guidelines for writing. (n. d. ). In Learning contract guidelines [PDF]. Retrieved from https://dsacms. tamu. edu/sites/sllo. tamu. edu/files/LearningContractGuidelines. pdf Knowles, M. S. (1980). The modern practice of adult education from pedagogy to andragogy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Cambridge Adult Education. Knowles, M. S. (1986). Using learning contracts (p. 38). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc. , Publishers. Knowles, M. S. , Holton, III, E. F. , & Swanson, R. A. (1998). Beyond andragogy. In (Ed. ), The adult learner (5th ed. , pp. 153-183). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing. Learning contracts. (n. d. ). In How to create and use learning contracts [PDF]. Retrieved from http://fcpsteach. org/docs/directions-learning%20contracts. pdf Research learning contracts. (n. d. ). In webGuru. Retrieved October 1, 2011, from http://www. webguru. neu. edu/undergraduate-research/structuring-ur-experience/research-learning-contracts Tough, A. (1971, 1979). The adult’s learning projects. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

The Effect of Neurotransmission on Human Behavior

1. 2: Using one or more examples, explain effects of neurotransmission on human behavior: Our nervous systems consist of between 10 to 100 billion neurons; each of which making 13 trillion connections with each other through electrochemical messages that allow people to respond to stimuli, from the environment or from internal changes in a person’s body. The neurons send these electrochemical messages through neurotransmission.Electrical impulses traveling down the axon (body) of a neuron, instigates the release of neurotransmitters, which travel over the synapse, which is the gap between two neurons. Once the neurotransmitters cross the synapse, they go into receptor sites on the post-synaptic membrane of a neuron, and after having passed on the message, they are either broken down or reabsorbed by the terminal buttons of the neuron, in a process known as reuptake. Neurotransmission has been shown to affect a large range of human behaviors.Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that effects sleep, arousal levels, and emotion. In a 1999 study at Tokyo University, its effects were seen. Kasamatsu and Hirai conducted this study in order to examine the way that sensory deprivations affects the brain. They studied a group of monks going on a 72-hour pilgrimage without food or water. The monks endured the weather without shelter from the cold, and didn’t speak among themselves. Two thirds of the way through the pilgrimage, the hallucinations began, taking the shape of ancient ancestors, or just a presence at their side.Blood samples, taken immediately after the monks reported their hallucinations, were compared to blood samples taken prior to the pilgrimage, and showed increased serotonin levels. These increased serotonin levels activated the hypothalamus and the frontal cortex, causing the monk’s hallucinations. Kasamatsu and Hirai were able to conclude that sensory deprivation caused increase in serotonin levels, which altered the monks’ perce ption and behavior. Neurotransmitters, like serotonin, can play a large role in human behavior.However, it is considered reductionist to rely solely on them to explain human behavior; they only play a role and can’t be held fully responsible for behavior. Research and increased knowledge of neurotransmission has led to the development of drugs that can either simulate a neurotransmitter in the case of a deficiency, or block a receptor site if there are excessive neurotransmitters. Understanding how neurotransmitters can affect behavior has led to the development of these drugs, which have helped many people.

Safety on Water Refilling Station

1. Abstract This study tackles the safeties of processes used by water refilling stations in the Philippines, specifically on the National Capital Region, on the purified water it sells to its customers. The study focuses on the processes the water refilling stations implements to purify the water from its concessionaires not in the working place of water refilling stations. The group chose to research on this topic since nowadays, as the demand for cleaner water becomes higher, the price of household water purifiers and bottled water has become prohibitive.Water refilling stations managed by private entrepreneurs offer a cheaper and more convenient solution to the public’s drinking water needs than bottled water or the use of household filters. The demand at the water refilling stations – water stores that sell purified water is now increasing. The quality of purified water conforms to the national standards for drinking water and is even better than the quality of wat er produce by traditional water supply systems in terms of removed impurities. At present, about 3,000 water refilling stations have proliferated nationwide.They sell purified water of comparable quality with bottled water at a lower price. For example, the current price per gallon of refilled purified water in Metro Manila ranges from P 50 to P 120 per 5-gallon container or about P 2. 50 to P 6. 00 per liter while the bottled water is sold at P 12. 00 to P 25. 00 per liter. Household filters, on the other hand, cost P 5,000 to P 25,000 per unit. In Metro Manila, most of the water refilling stations is connected to the pipes of two concessionaires: Maynilad Water Company or Manila Water Company for their source of raw water while in other areas they opt to use private deep wells.The â€Å"potable water† supplied by the providers is then further purified by utilizing a combination of water treatment equipment, such as sediment filters, carbon filters, water softeners, reverse osmosis membranes, ultra-violet lamps, and ozone generators. Typical water refilling stations can produce 3,000 to 12,000 litres of purified water per day. In previous years, most of the people were bringing a container to a water refilling station to buy purified water. Nowadays, because of convenience on the part of the consumers, purified water in 5-gallon (22. litres) containers is delivered by the station directly to the people’s home. Aqua Sure, a water refilling station in Metro Manila, can deliver 5,500 gallons (25,000 litres) a day to its 8,000 household client.2. Introduction 3. 1. Problem Statement The proponents want to know how dirty water is being processed in the water station, what processes does the water goes through, what is the quality of the water being produced and how safe it is to drink that water after. 3. 2. Significance The study will: determine the physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of the product water produced * determine if the water produced is potable * assess the current guidelines used for evaluating and monitoring the quality of the water produced * provide basis for decision making and strategy for regulation and monitoring of water stations to ensure a continuous production of quality and safe drinking water 3. 3. Review of Related Literature Water is the only substance found on earth in three forms solid, liquid, and gas. It regulates the earth’s temperature.Drinking water or potable water is water safe enough to be consumed by humans or used with low risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry meets drinking water standards, even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Typical uses include toilet flushing, washing and landscape irrigation. It also regulates the temperature of the human body, carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, cushions joints, protects organs and tissues , and removes wastes.Adverse health effects from contaminants that may occur in drinking water include acute effects that may immediately impact health and chronic effects that may occur if contaminants are ingested at unsafe levels over many years. Drinking water that meets US EPA’s health-based standards is generally safe. People who are not healthy as a result of illness, age, or weakened immune systems, are more likely to be at risk from certain contaminants that may be found in drinking water. Infants and very young children are also more susceptible to some contaminants.Individuals concerned about their particular situations should consult their health care providers. 3. 4. Research Questions Below are the guide questions which the proponents of the research work considered in conducting this research paper: * What is a safe drinking water? * What is the process of cleaning the water? * What are the problems in the process? * How would the proponents go about investigat ing the causes of the observed problems? * What are the effects of these observed problems? What are the unsafe conditions in the process? * What is the quality of the water after the process? 3. 5. Methodology The proponents did an actual observation inside a water refilling station by identifying the process and the worker demonstrated how the process works. Next is that the proponents researched on the safety of drinking water of water stations by looking up at articles, assessing and analyzing which causes the impurities of the water and if there are problems on the process and if the process needs improvement.After is that they establish a conclusion and the proponents monitor and implement the correct process. They also see if it’s compatible with the system. Lastly, they did adequate measures and controls to ensure that the correct process will be established and if the water station is implementing it always. It is important to follow the correct process so that they can say that the water is safe for drinking. 3. Discussion Unsafe water * More than one billion people lack access to an improved water source. 88 percent of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene. * 2 million people suffer diarrhoeal deaths each year. Drinking water Parameters * Alkalinity * Color of water * pH * Taste and Odor* Dissolved metals and salts(sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium) * Microorganism * Dissolved metals and metalloids ( lead, mercury, arsenic, etc * Dissolved organics * Radon * Heavy metal Machines for processes Multi-media sediment filter – removes sediments such as rust, sand and particles that are invisible to the naked eye. * Ion exchanger – replaces hard minerals with soft minerals. * Activated carbon filter – removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide, offensive odor and bad taste.* Reverse osmosis membrane – the hear t of the system and the most expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria and viruses while retaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0. 5 micrometre, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw water volume. * Post-carbon filter – improves the taste of water. * Ultraviolet lamp – ensures that the water is free from disease-causing micro-organisms. * Ozone generator – inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and prolongs the shelf life of water. Water quality monitoring* Bacteriological quality – at least monthly * Physical quality – at least every six (6) months Chemical quality – at least every six (6) months * Biological quality – at least once a year * Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is significant input of radiation from the surrounding environment. 4. Conclusion Water refilling stations can be a good source of safe drinking water in the Philippines. Purified water can meet the aesthetic standards easily detectable by the people in terms of taste, odor and color. The efficient water purification processes can make the quality of water superior to the traditional water systems.However, the risk of contamination is possible if the handling practices are not closely monitored. The water production has designed its facility to the high quality state of the art which can process and purified water into a colorless and free from objectionable taste and odor. That the product water is free from substance that may contain to endanger the lives of consuming public the design of the water treatment purification process was based on the character of the source of water the availability of appropriate purification technology. 5. About the AuthorsThe ideas behind this study are from four 3rd Year Safety Engineering students of the Industria l Engineering Department of the University of Santo Tomas namely: Christian Domingo Bascon, Mishael Ann Asuncion Belocura, Edmond Ray Dela Cruz Divino and Wyanet Dy Yang The four students have a strong passion on Safety Engineering and want to contribute as early as now in the safety of everyone. 6. Acknowledgement First and foremost, we would like to thank to our professor Sir Nestor Ong for the valuable guidance, technical discussions and relevant discussions.He inspired us greatly to work in this project. We also would like to thank him for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project. In addition, we would also like to thank Antipolo Spring Water Refilling Station which provided us valuable information as the guidance of our project which helped us in completing this task through various stages. We also wanted to thank our families who inspired, encouraged and fully supported us in every trial that came our way. Also, we thank them for giving us not just fina ncial, but moral and spiritual support.And all of those who supported us in any respect during the completion of the project. Lastly, we offer our regards and blessings to God the father of all, we are thankful for the strength that keeps us standing and for the hope that keeps us believing that this affiliation would be possible and more interesting. 7. Notes * Especially in urban areas, water quality does not meet the standards set by the national government. As a result, waterborne diseases remain a severe public health concern in the country. About 4,200 people die each year due to contaminated drinking water. Your local water supplier is required by law to notify you if there’s any reason your water is unsafe. Furthermore, the Safe Water Drinking Act requires all water suppliers to issue their customers an annual report on the source and quality of the water—including a list of contaminant levels. Municipal water is tested for micro-organisms, organic and inorgani c chemicals, disinfectants, disinfectant by-products, and radioactive substances. If your copy of the report has not come in the mail, call your water company.Though your water company is responsible for keeping the water safe, lead can get into the supply after the water has left the treatment plant. Arsenic may also be a problem in some areas, mainly the Southwest. * Filtering the water If you are simply trying to improve the taste of your water, a filtering pitcher will do. But if you are trying to remove lead, arsenic, or specific contaminants, you may want a permanent installation. Before you buy, be sure you know which contaminants the system will filter out. NSF is an excellent source of information.Water filtration systems come in two basic types, ranging from cheap to expensive: * Point-of-entry systems are installed on the main water supply and treat most or all the water entering a house. These include water softeners, which remove calcium and magnesium. There’s no harm in drinking softened water, and it does not cause heart disease, as has been alleged. But the softer the water, the more likely it is to leach lead from the pipes. * Point-of-use systems include faucet-mounted filters, faucets with built-in filters, pitchers, and under-the-sink filters.Whether it’s installed under the sink or at point-of-entry, the most effective filter is a reverse-osmosis system, which filters out lead and other toxic metals and other contaminants. This type of filter can be expensive ($500 to $1,000 or more) and the cartridges have to be replaced every year at a cost of up to $200. Faucet-mounted systems and faucets with built-in filters work well against specific contaminants (check the labels and NSF certificates), as do most countertop pitchers. Simpler systems such as these represent a small investment, but replacement filters can cost as much as $100 a year. The agencies directly involved in the establishment operation of water refilling station s are as follows: a. The Department of Health (DOH). DOH is the main agency responsible for protecting the health of the people. The Sanitation Code of the Philippines mandates DOH in protecting drinking water quality. Consequently, DOH issues implementing rules and regulations prescribing sanitary standards for water supply systems, including water refilling stations. b. The Center for Health Development (CHD) is the regional branch of DOH.Its main function is to provide technical assistance to local government units and to monitor DOH programme implementation which includes water quality and sanitation standards. For water refilling stations, CHD is mandated to issue initial and operational permits. c. The Local Government Units (LGUs) are mandated by Presidential Decree (PD 856) to issue sanitary permit, sanitary clearance, health certificates, certificate of potability, drinking water site clearance and closure order (if necessary) and to conduct sanitary inspection of WRS. d.Th e Water Quality Association of the Philippines Inc. (WQAP) is an organization of private firms who are engaged in the manufacture, sale, and distribution of water refilling station equipment and supplies, as well as water treatment and purification equipment and technology for household, institutional, commercial and industrial applications. About 85 percent of its 250 members operates water refilling stations. e. Association of Water Refilling Entrepreneurs (AWARE) concentrates on resolving business management issues of its members. * Presidential Decree No. 56 (PD 856) or the Sanitation Code of the Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999. 8. References (2006 october 6) EntrePinoys atbp.A study on water refilling stations http://www. mixph . com/2006/10/a-study-on-water-refilling-station. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines#Drinking_water_quality Water Sanitation and health. ttp://www. who. int/water_sanitation_health /en/ http://www. wellnessletter. com/ucberkeley/foundations/drinking-water/#sthash. bNGyupzl. dpuf EPA 816-F-04-036 June 2004 www. epa. gov/safewater 9. Editorial History Paper received 02 March 2013; accepted 09 March 2013; revised version received 09 March 2013. Copyright  © 2011, Copyright  © 2011, Christian D. Basco, Mishael Ann A. Belocura, Edmond DC. Divino & Wyanet D. Yang 10. Disclaimer This article is only edited by Christian Domingo Basco, Mishael Ann Asuncion Belocura, Edmond Ray Dela Cruz Divino and